COMPOUND CONFORMING TO FORMULA STRUCTURE (CX), COMPOSITION AND ADDITIVE COMPOSITION

专利摘要:
thermoplastic polymer composition the invention provides a compound conforming to the structure of formula (cx) (cx) the invention also provides a thermoplastic polymer composition comprising a polyolefin polymer and a compound conforming to the structure of formula (cx) ) as a nucleating agent.
公开号:BR112016006215B1
申请号:R112016006215-9
申请日:2014-09-23
公开日:2021-08-17
发明作者:Haihu Qin；Darin L. Dotson；Eduardo Torres；Sanjeev K. Dey；Francisco Alvarez
申请人:Milliken & Company；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This application relates to nucleating agents for thermoplastic polymers, thermoplastic polymer compositions comprising such nucleating agents, articles made from such thermoplastic polymer compositions, and methods for preparing and molding such thermoplastic polymer compositions. BACKGROUND
[0002] Various nucleating agents for thermoplastic polymers are known in the art. These nucleating agents generally work by forming nuclei or providing sites for crystal formation and/or growth in the thermoplastic polymer when it solidifies from a molten state. The nuclei or sites provided by the nucleating agent allow crystals to form within the cooling polymer at a higher temperature and/or at a faster rate than crystals will form in virgin, non-nucleated thermoplastic polymer. These effects can then allow processing of a nucleated thermoplastic polymer composition at cycle times that are shorter than virgin, non-nucleated thermoplastic polymer.
[0003] While polymer nucleating agents can function in a similar manner, not all nucleating agents are created equal. For example, a particular nucleating agent can be very effective in increasing the peak polymer recrystallization temperature of a thermoplastic polymer, however, the rapid rate of crystallization induced by such a nucleating agent can cause incompatible shrinkage of a molded part. produced from a thermoplastic polymer composition containing the nucleating agent. Such a nucleating agent may similarly be ineffective in increasing the hardness of the molded part to a desirable degree. Likewise, while nucleating agents for polyethylene polymers are known in the art, relatively few of these nucleating agents have been shown to improve the physical properties of polyethylene polymer to any commercially significant degree.
[0004] Given the complicated interrelationships of these properties and the fact that many nucleating agents exhibit less than ideal behavior in at least one respect, a need remains for nucleating agents that are capable of producing thermoplastic polymer compositions that exhibit a more desirable combination of high peak polymer recrystallization temperature, adjustable shrinkage, and high hardness. Applicants believe that the nucleating agents and thermoplastic polymer compositions described in the present application fulfill such a need. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] As noted above, the present application generally relates to nucleating agents, thermoplastic polymer compositions comprising such nucleating agents, articles (eg molded articles) made from such thermoplastic polymer compositions, and methods for preparing and molding such thermoplastic polymer compositions. The nucleating agents and thermoplastic polymer compositions according to the invention are believed to be particularly well suited for the production of thermoplastic polymer articles (e.g. molded thermoplastic polymer articles) exhibiting a desirable combination of physical properties. In particular, articles produced using the nucleating agents and thermoplastic polymer compositions of the invention are believed to exhibit a desirable combination of a higher peak polymer recrystallization temperature and improved physical properties (e.g., tear resistance) in comparison to articles made of non-nucleated thermoplastic polymer. Applicants believe that this combination of physical properties indicates that the nucleating agents and thermoplastic polymer compositions according to the invention are well suited for use in the production of thermoplastic polymer articles.
[0006] In a first embodiment, the invention provides a thermoplastic polymer composition comprising: (a) a polyolefin polymer; and (b) a nucleating agent, the nucleating agent comprising a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (I)

[0007] wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogens, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, aryl groups, and substituted aryl groups, n is zero or a positive integer of 1 to 4; L is a linking group comprising two or more atoms and at least one double bond between two atoms in the linking group; v is a positive integer from 1 to 3; R2 is: (i) selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, substituted cycloalkyl groups, aryl groups, substituted aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, and substituted heteroaryl groups when L is a divalent linking group and v is 1, (ii) selected from the group consisting of alkanediyl groups, substituted alkanediyl groups, cycloalkanediyl groups, substituted cycloalkanediyl groups, arenediyl groups, substituted arenediyl groups, heteroarenediyl groups, and substituted heteroarenediyl groups when L is a trivalent linking group and v is 1, (iii) selected from the group consisting of alkanediyl groups, substituted alkanediyl groups, cycloalkanediyl groups, substituted cycloalkanediyl groups, arenediyl groups, substituted arenediyl groups, heteroarenediyl groups, and substituted heteroarenediyl groups when L is a divalent linking group and v is 2, and (iv) selected from the group consisting of alkanetriyl groups, substituted alkanetriyl groups, cycloalkanetriyl groups, substituted cycloalkanotriyl groups, arenetriyl groups, substituted arenetriyl groups, heteroarenotriyl groups, and substituted heteroarenotriyl groups when L is a divalent linking group and v is 3; x is a positive integer; each M1 is a metal cation; y is the valence of the cation; z is a positive integer; b is zero or a positive integer; when b is a positive integer, each Q1 is a negatively charged counterion and a is the valence of the negatively charged counterion; and the values of v, x, y, z, a, and b satisfy the equation (vx) + (ab) = yz; wherein the cyclic portion of the cycloalkyl group or substituted cycloalkyl group comprises no more than two ring structures fused together when L is a divalent linking group, v is 1, and R2 is a cycloalkyl group or a substituted cycloalkyl group.
[0008] In a second embodiment, the invention provides a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (C)

[0009] wherein R101 is selected from the group consisting of a cyclopentyl group and moieties conforming to the structure of Formula (CI); Formula (CI) is

[00010] R105 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen; x is a positive integer; each M1 is a metal cation; y is the valence of the cation; z is a positive integer; b is zero or a positive integer; when b is a positive integer, each Q1 is a negatively charged counterion and a is the valence of the negatively charged counterion; and the values of x, y, z, a, and b satisfy the equation x + (ab) = yz
[00011] In a third embodiment, the invention provides a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (CX)

[00012] wherein R111 is selected from the group consisting of a cyclopentyl group and moieties conforming to the structure of Formula (CXI); R112 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and hydroxy; Formula (CXI) is

[00013] R115 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a halogen, methoxy, and phenyl; x is a positive integer; each M1 is a metal cation; y is the valence of the cation; z is a positive integer; b is zero or a positive integer; when b is a positive integer, each Q1 is a negatively charged counterion and a is the valence of the negatively charged counterion; and the values of x, y, z, a, and b satisfy the equation x + (ab) = yz; provided that if R115 is hydrogen, then R112 is hydrogen, x is 1, M1 is a lithium cation, y is 1, z is 1, and b is zero; and provided that if R115 is a methoxy group, then R112 is a hydroxy group.
[00014] In a fourth embodiment, the invention provides a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (CXX)

[00015] where x is a positive integer; each M1 is a cation of a metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and zinc; y is the valence of the cation; z is a positive integer; b is zero or a positive integer; when b is a positive integer, each Q1 is a negatively charged counterion and a is the valence of the negatively charged counterion; and the values of x, y, z, a, and b satisfy the equation x + (ab) = yz. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[00016] The following definitions are provided to define various terms used throughout this application.
[00017] As used herein, the term "substituted alkyl groups" refers to univalent functional groups derived from substituted alkanes by removal of a hydrogen atom from an alkane carbon atom. In this definition, the term "substituted alkanes" refers to compounds derived from unbranched and branched acyclic hydrocarbons in which (1) one or more of the hydrocarbon's hydrogen atoms is replaced with a non-hydrogen atom (eg, an atom of halogen) or a non-alkyl functional group (eg, a hydroxy group, aryl group, or heteroaryl group) and/or (2) the carbon-carbon chain of the hydrocarbon is interrupted by an oxygen atom (as in a ether), a nitrogen atom (as in an amine), or a sulfur atom (as in a sulfide).
[00018] As used herein, the term "substituted cycloalkyl groups" refers to univalent functional groups derived from substituted cycloalkanes by removal of a hydrogen atom from a carbon atom of the cycloalkane. In this definition, the term "substituted cycloalkanes" refers to compounds derived from saturated monocyclic and polycyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains) in which (1) one or more of the hydrocarbon's hydrogen atoms are replaced with an atom of non-hydrogen (eg, a halogen atom) or a non-alkyl functional group (eg, a hydroxy group, aryl group, or heteroaryl group) and/or (2) the carbon-carbon chain of the hydrocarbon is interrupted by a oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, or a sulfur atom.
[00019] As used herein, the term "substituted alkoxy groups" refers to univalent functional groups derived from hydroxyalkanes substituted by removal of a hydrogen atom from a hydroxy group. In this definition, the term "substituted hydroxyalkanes" refers to compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a substituted alkane, and the term "substituted alkane" is defined as above in the definition of substituted alkyl groups.
[00020] As used herein, the term "substituted aryl groups" refers to univalent functional groups derived from substituted arenes by removal of a hydrogen atom from a carbon atom in the ring. In this definition, the term "substituted arenes" refers to compounds derived from monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the hydrocarbon are replaced with a non-hydrogen atom (eg, a halogen atom) or a non-alkyl functional group (for example a hydroxy group).
[00021] As used herein, the term "substituted heteroaryl groups" refers to univalent functional groups derived from heteroarenes substituted by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring atom. In this definition, the term "substituted heteroarenes" refers to compounds derived from monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in which (1) one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the hydrocarbon are replaced with a non-hydrogen atom (eg, a hydrogen atom halogen) or a non-alkyl functional group (eg a hydroxy group) and (2) at least one methine group (-C=) of the hydrocarbon is replaced by a trivalent heteroatom and/or at least one vinylidene group (-CH =CH-) of the hydrocarbon is replaced by a divalent heteroatom.
[00022] As used herein, the term "alkanediyl groups" refers to divalent functional groups derived from alkanes by removing two hydrogen atoms from the alkane. These hydrogen atoms can be removed from the same carbon atom in the alkane (as in ethane-1,1-diyl) or from different carbon atoms (as in ethane-1,2-diyl).
[00023] As used herein, the term "substituted alkanediyl groups" refers to divalent functional groups derived from substituted alkanes by removal of two hydrogen atoms from the alkane. These hydrogen atoms can be removed from the same carbon atom in the substituted alkane (as in 2-fluoroethane-1,1-diyl) or from different carbon atoms (as in 1-fluoroethane-1,2-diyl ). In this definition, the term "substituted alkanes" has the same meaning as mentioned above in the definition of substituted alkyl groups in this definition.
[00024] As used herein, the term "cycloalkanediyl groups" refers to divalent functional groups derived from cycloalkanes by removing two hydrogen atoms from the cycloalkane. These hydrogen atoms can be removed from the same carbon atom in the cycloalkane or from different carbon atoms.
[00025] As used herein, the term "substituted cycloalkandiyl groups" refers to divalent functional groups derived from cycloalkanes substituted by removal of two hydrogen atoms from the alkane. In this definition, the term "substituted cycloalkanes" has the same meaning as mentioned above in the definition of substituted cycloalkyl groups.
[00026] As used herein, the term "arenediyl groups" refers to divalent functional groups derived from arenes (both monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) by removing two hydrogen atoms from carbon atoms in the ring.
[00027] As used herein, the term "substituted arenediyl groups" refers to divalent functional groups derived from substituted arenes by removal of two hydrogen atoms from carbon atoms in the ring. In this definition, the term "substituted arenes" refers to compounds derived from monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the hydrocarbon are replaced with a non-hydrogen atom (eg, a halogen atom) or a non-alkyl functional group (for example a hydroxy group).
[00028] As used herein, the term "heteroarenediyl groups" refers to divalent functional groups derived from heteroarenes by removing two hydrogen atoms from atoms in the ring. In this definition, the term "heteroarenes" refers to compounds derived from monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in which at least one methine group (-C =) of the hydrocarbon is replaced by a trivalent heteroatom and/or at least one vinylidene group (- CH=CH-) of the hydrocarbon is replaced by a divalent heteroatom.
[00029] As used herein, the term "substituted heteroarenediyl groups" refers to divalent functional groups derived from heteroarenes substituted by removal of two hydrogen atoms from atoms in the ring. In this definition, the term "substituted heteroarenes" has the same meaning as mentioned above in the definition of substituted heteroaryl groups.
[00030] As used herein, the term "alkanotriyl groups" refers to trivalent functional groups derived from alkanes by removing three hydrogen atoms from the alkane. These hydrogen atoms can be removed from the same carbon atom in the alkane or from different carbon atoms.
[00031] As used herein, the term "substituted alkanotriyl groups" refers to trivalent functional groups derived from substituted alkanes by removal of three hydrogen atoms from the alkane. These hydrogen atoms can be removed from the same carbon atom in the substituted alkane or from different carbon atoms. The term "substituted alkanes" has the same meaning as mentioned above in the definition of substituted alkyl groups in this definition.
[00032] As used herein, the term "cycloalkanetriyl groups" refers to trivalent functional groups derived from cycloalkanes by removing three hydrogen atoms from the cycloalkane.
[00033] As used herein, the term "substituted cycloalkanetriyl groups" refers to trivalent functional groups derived from cycloalkanes substituted by removal of three hydrogen atoms from the alkane. In this definition, the term "substituted cycloalkanes" has the same meaning as mentioned above in the definition of substituted cycloalkyl groups.
[00034] As used herein, the term "arenotriyl groups" refers to trivalent functional groups derived from arenes (both monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) by removing three hydrogen atoms from carbon atoms in the ring.
[00035] As used herein, the term "substituted arenetriyl groups" refers to trivalent functional groups derived from substituted arenes by removal of three hydrogen atoms from carbon atoms in the ring. In this definition, the term "substituted arenes" has the same meaning as mentioned above in the definition of substituted arenediyl groups.
[00036] As used herein, the term "heteroarenotriyl groups" refers to trivalent functional groups derived from heteroarenes by removing three hydrogen atoms from atoms in the ring. In this definition, the term "heteroarenes" has the same meaning as mentioned above in the definition of heteroarenediyl groups.
[00037] As used herein, the term "substituted heteroarenotriyl groups" refers to trivalent functional groups derived from heteroarenes substituted by removal of three hydrogen atoms from atoms in the ring. In this definition, the term "substituted heteroarenes" has the same meaning as mentioned above in the definition of substituted heteroaryl groups.
[00038] In a first embodiment, the invention provides a thermoplastic polymer composition comprising a thermoplastic polymer and a nucleating agent. The thermoplastic polymer of the thermoplastic polymer composition can be any suitable thermoplastic polymer. As used herein, the term "thermoplastic polymer" is used to refer to a polymeric material that will melt on exposure to sufficient heat to form a flowable liquid and will return to a solidified state upon sufficient cooling. In their solidified state, such thermoplastic polymers exhibit crystalline or semi-crystalline morphology. Suitable thermoplastic polymers include, but are not limited to, polyolefins (eg, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polybutylenes, and any combinations thereof), polyamides (eg, synthetic fiber), polyurethanes, polyesters (eg, polyethylene terephthalate), and the like, as well as any combinations thereof. These thermoplastic polymers can be in the form of powder, fluff, flake, prill, or pellet made from newly produced polymer, recycled polymer, post-consumer waste, or post-industrial waste.
[00039] In certain embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer can be a polyolefin, such as a polypropylene, a polyethylene, a polybutylene, a poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), and a poly(vinyl cyclohexane). In a preferred embodiment, the thermoplastic polymer is a polyolefin selected from the group consisting of polypropylene homopolymers (eg, atactic polypropylene, isotactic polypropylene, and syndiotactic polypropylene), polypropylene copolymers (eg, randomized polypropylene copolymers), copolymers impacts of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene copolymers, polybutylene, poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), and mixtures thereof. Suitable polypropylene copolymers include, but are not limited to, randomized copolymers made by polymerizing propylene in the presence of a comonomer selected from the group consisting of ethylene, but-1-ene (i.e., 1-butene), and hex- 1-ene (ie, 1-hexene). In such polypropylene randomized copolymers, the comonomer may be present in any suitable amount, however, it is typically present in an amount less than about 10% by weight (for example, about 1 to about 7% by weight). Suitable polypropylene impact copolymers include, but are not limited to those produced by the addition of a copolymer selected from the group consisting of ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), polyethylene, and plastomers to a polypropylene homopolymer or polypropylene randomized copolymer. In such polypropylene impact copolymers, the copolymer can be present in any suitable amount, however, it is typically present in an amount of from about 5 to about 25% by weight.
[00040] In another preferred embodiment, the thermoplastic polymer can be a polyethylene. Suitable polyethylenes include, but are not limited to, low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, and combinations thereof. In certain preferred embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer is selected from the group consisting of linear low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the thermoplastic polymer is a high density polyethylene.
[00041] High density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention generally have a density greater than about 0.940 g/cm3. There is no upper limit on suitable polymer density, however, high density polyethylene polymers typically have a density that is less than about 0.980 g/cm3 (eg less than about 0.975 g/cm3).
[00042] High density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may be homopolymers or copolymers of ethylene with one or more α-olefins. Suitable α-Olefins include, but are not limited to, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, and 4-methyl-1-pentene. The comonomer may be present in the copolymer in any suitable amount, such as an amount of about 5% by weight or less (for example, about 3% by mole or less). As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the amount of comonomer suitable for the copolymer is largely driven by the end use for the copolymer, and the polymer properties required or desired by that end use.
[00043] High density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention can be produced by any suitable process. For example, polymers can be produced by a free radical process using very high pressures as described, for example, in US Patent No. 2,816,883 (Larchar et al.), however, polymers are typically produced in a catalytic process of "low pressure". In this context, the term "low pressure" is used to denote processes performed at pressures less than 6.9 MPa (eg 1,000 psig), such as 1.4-6.9 MPa (200-1,000 psig). Examples of suitable low pressure catalytic processes include, but are not limited to, solution polymerization processes (i.e., processes in which polymerization is carried out using a solvent for the polymer), suspension polymerization processes (i.e., processes in which polymerization is carried out using a liquid hydrocarbon in which the polymer does not dissolve or swell), gas phase polymerization processes (for example, processes in which polymerization is carried out without the use of a liquid medium or diluent), or an organized reactor polymerization process. Suitable gas phase polymerization processes likewise include so-called "condensed mode" or "supercondensed mode" in which a liquid hydrocarbon is introduced into the fluidized bed to increase the absorption of the heat it produces during the polymerization process. In these condensed-mode and super-condensed-mode processes, the liquid hydrocarbon is typically condensed in the recycle stream and reused in the reactor. Organized reactor processes can use a combination of suspension process reactors (tanks or loops) that are connected in series, in parallel, or a combination of series or parallel such that the catalyst (eg, chromium catalyst) is exposed to more than one set of reaction conditions. Organized reactor processes can similarly be accomplished by combining two loops in series, combining one or more tanks and loops in series, using multiple gas phase reactors in series, or a loop gas phase arrangement. Because of their ability to expose the catalyst to different sets of reactor conditions, organized reactor processes are often used to produce multimodal polymers such as those discussed below. Suitable processes likewise include those in which a prepolymerization step is carried out. In this prepolymerization step, the catalyst is typically exposed to the cocatalyst and ethylene under mild conditions in a separate, smaller reactor, and the polymerization reaction is allowed to proceed until the catalyst comprises a relatively small amount (eg, about 5 % to about 30% of the total weight) of the resulting composition. This prepolymerized catalyst is then presented to the large reactor in which polymerization is to be carried out.
[00044] High density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention can be produced using any suitable catalyst or combination of catalysts. Suitable catalysts include transition metal catalysts such as supported reduced molybdenum oxide, cobalt molybdate on alumina, chromium oxide, and transition metal halides. Chromium oxide catalysts are typically produced by saturating a chromium compound onto a porous, high surface area oxide vehicle such as silica and then calcining this in dry air at 500-900 °C. This converts the chromium to a hexavalent surface chromate ester or dichromate ester. Chromium oxide catalysts can be used in conjunction with metal alkyl cocatalysts, such as alkyl boron, alkyl aluminum, alkyl zinc, and alkyl lithium. Supports for chromium oxide include silica, silica-titania, silica-aluminium, aluminum, and aluminophosphates. Other examples of chromium oxide catalysts include those catalysts produced by depositing a lower valent organochrome compound, such as bis(arene) Cr0, allyl Cr2+and Cr3+, stabilized beta alkyls of Cr2+and Cr4+, and bis(cyclopentadienyl ) Cr2+, over a chromium oxide catalyst such as those described above. Suitable transition metal catalysts also include supported chromium catalysts such as those based on chromocene or a silylchromate (for example, bi(trisphenylsilyl)chromate). These chromium catalysts can be supported on any suitable high surface area support such as those described above for chromium oxide catalysts, with silica typically being used. Supported chromium catalysts can similarly be used in conjunction with cocatalysts, such as the metal alkyl cocatalysts listed above for chromium oxide catalysts. Suitable transition metal halide catalysts include titanium(III) halides (eg titanium(III) chloride), titanium(IV) halides (eg titanium(IV) chloride), vanadium halides, halides of zirconia, and combinations thereof. These transition metal halides are often supported on a high surface ether solid such as magnesium chloride. Transition metal halide catalysts are typically used in conjunction with an aluminum alkyl cocatalyst, such as trimethylaluminum (i.e., Al(CH3)3) or triethylaluminum (i.e., Al(C2H5)3). These transition metal halides can similarly be used in organized reactor processes. Suitable catalysts likewise include metallocene catalysts such as cyclopentadienyl titanium halides (eg cyclopentadienyl titanium chlorides), cyclopentadienyl zirconium halides (eg cyclopentadienylzirconium chloride), cyclopentadienyl hafnium halides (eg cyclopentadienyl hafnium chlorides). ), and combinations thereof. Metallocene catalysts based on transition metals complexed with indenyl or fluorenyl binders are likewise known and can be used to produce the high density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention. Catalysts typically contain multiple linkers, and linkers can be substituted with multiple groups (for example, n-butyl group) or linked with bridging groups, such as —CH 2CH2 — or >SiPh2. Metallocene catalysts are typically used in conjunction with a cocatalyst such as methylaluminoxane (i.e., (Al(CH3)xOy)n. Other cocatalysts include those described in US Patent No. 5,919,983 (Rosen et al.), US Patent No. 6,107,230 (McDaniel et al.), US Patent No. 6,632,894 (McDaniel et al.), and US Patent No. 6,300,271 (McDaniel et al.) Other "single site" catalysts suitable for use in the production of high density polyethylene include diimine complexes such as those described in US Patent No. 5,891,963 (Brookhart et al.).
[00045] High density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may have any suitable molecular weight (eg weight average molecular weight). For example, the weight average molecular weight of high density polyethylene can be from 20,000 g/mol to about 1,000,000 g/mol or more. As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the suitable weight average molecular weight of the high density polyethylene will depend, at least in part, on the particular application or end use for which the polymer is intended. For example, a high density polyethylene polymer intended for blow molding applications can have a weight average molecular weight from about 100,000 g/mol to about 1,000,000 g/mol. A high density polyethylene polymer intended for tube applications or film applications can have a weight average molecular weight of from about 100,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol. A high density polyethylene polymer intended for injection molding applications can have a weight average molecular weight of from about 20,000 g/mol to about 80,000 g/mol. A high density polyethylene polymer intended for wire insulation applications, cable insulation applications, tape applications, or filament applications can have a weight average molecular weight from about 80,000 g/mol to about 400,000 g/mol . A high density polyethylene polymer intended for rotational molding applications can have a weight average molecular weight of from about 50,000 g/mol to about 150,000 g/mol.
[00046] High density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may likewise have adequate polydispersity, which is defined as the value obtained by dividing the weight average molecular weight of the polymer by the number average molecular weight of the polymer. For example, the high density polyethylene polymer can have a polydispersity of greater than 2 to about 100. As understood by those of skill in the art, the polydispersity of the polymer is heavily influenced by the catalyst system used to produce the polymer, with the metallocene and other "single site" catalysts generally producing polymers with relatively low polydispersity and narrow molecular weight distributions, and the other transition metal catalysts (eg chromium catalysts) producing polymers with higher polydispersity and molecular weight distributions wider. High density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may likewise have a multimodal (e.g. bimodal) molecular weight distribution. For example, the polymer can have a first fraction having a relatively low molecular weight and a second fraction having a relatively high molecular weight. The difference between the weight average molecular weight of the fractions in the polymer can be any suitable amount. In reality, it is not necessary for the difference between the weighted average molecular weights to be quite large because two distinct molecular weight fractions can be resolved using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). However, in certain multimodal polymers, the difference between the weighted average molecular weights of the fractions can be quite large because two or more distinct peaks can be solved from the GPC curve for the polymer. In this context, the term "distinct" does not necessarily mean that the portions of the GPC curve corresponding to each fraction do not overlap, however, it is only intended to indicate that a distinct peak for each fraction can be solved from the GPC curve for the polymer. Multimodal polymers suitable for use in the invention can be produced using any suitable process. As noted above, multimodal polymers can be produced using organized reactor processes. A suitable example would be an organized solution process incorporating a series of stirred tanks. Alternatively, multimodal polymers can be produced in a single reactor using a combination of catalysts each of which is designed to produce a polymer having a different weight average molecular weight.
[00047] High density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may have any suitable melt index. For example, the high density polyethylene polymer can have a melt index of from about 0.01 dg/min to about 40 dg/min. As with weighted average molecular weight, those of ordinary skill in the art understand that the suitable melt index for the high density polyethylene polymer will depend, at least in part, on the particular application or end use for which the polymer is intended. . Thus, for example, a high density polyethylene polymer intended for blow molding applications can have a melt index of from about 0.01 dg/min to about 1 dg/min. A high density polyethylene polymer intended for blown film applications can have a melt index of from about 0.5 dg/min to about 3 dg/min. A high density polyethylene polymer intended for cast film applications can have a melt index of from about 2 dg/min to about 10 dg/min. A high density polyethylene polymer intended for pipe applications can have a melt index of from about 2 dg/min to about 40 dg/min. A high density polyethylene polymer intended for injection molding applications can have a melt index of from about 2 dg/min to about 80 dg/min. A high density polyethylene polymer intended for rotational molding applications can have a melt index of about 0.5 dg/min to about 10 dg/min. A high density polyethylene polymer intended for tape applications can have a melt index of from about 0.2 dg/min to about 4 dg/min. A high density polyethylene polymer intended for filament applications can have a melt index of from about 1 dg/min to about 20 dg/min. Polymer melt index is measured using ASTM Standard D1238-04c.
[00048] High density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention generally do not contain high amounts of long chain branching. The term "long chain branch" is used to refer to branches that are attached to the polymer chain and are of sufficient length to affect the rheology of the polymer (eg branches of about 130 carbons or more in length). If desired for the application where the polymer is to be used, the high density polyethylene polymer may contain small amounts of long chain branching. However, high density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention typically contain very little long chain branch (eg less than about 1 long chain branch per 10,000 carbons, less than about 0.5 long chain branch per 10,000 carbons, less than about 0.1 long chain branch per 10,000 carbons, or less than about 0.01 long chain branch per 10,000 carbons).
[00049] Medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention generally have a density of about 0.926 g/cm3 to about 0.940 g/cm3. The term "medium density polyethylene" is used to refer to ethylene polymers having a density between that of high density polyethylene and linear low density polyethylene and contain relatively short branches, at least compared to the long branches present in low density polyethylene polymers produced by free radical polymerization of ethylene at high pressures.
[00050] Medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention are generally copolymers of ethylene and at least one α-olefin, such as 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, and 4 -methyl-1-pentene. The α-olefin comonomer may be present in any suitable amount, however, it is typically present in an amount less than about 8% by weight (eg, less than about 5% by mol). As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the amount of comonomer suitable for the copolymer is largely driven by the end use for the copolymer, and the required or desired polymer properties dictated by that end use.
[00051] Medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention can be produced by any suitable process. Medium density polyethylene polymers are typically produced in "low pressure" catalytic processes such as any of the processes described above with respect to high density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention as the high density polyethylene polymers. Examples of suitable processes include, but are not limited to, gas phase polymerization processes, solution polymerization processes, suspension polymerization processes, and organized reactor processes. Suitable arranged reactor processes can incorporate any suitable combination of the gas phase, solution, and suspension polymerization processes described above. As with high density polyethylene polymers, organized reactor processes are often used to produce multimodal polymers.
[00052] Medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention can be produced using any suitable catalyst or combination of catalysts. For example, polymers can be produced using Ziegler catalysts such as transition metal halides or esters (eg titanium) used in combination with organoaluminum compounds (eg triethylaluminum). These Ziegler catalysts can be supported on, for example, magnesium chloride, silica, alumina, or magnesium oxide. Medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention can likewise be produced using so-called "dual Ziegler catalysts", which contain a kind of catalyst to dimerize ethylene to 1-butene (eg a combination of a titanium triethylaluminum ester) and other catalyst for copolymerization of ethylene, and the generated 1-butene (eg titanium chloride supported on magnesium chloride). Medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention can likewise be produced using chromium oxide catalysts, such as those produced by depositing a chromium compound on a silica-titania support, oxidizing the resulting catalyst to a mixture of oxygen and air, and then reducing the catalyst with carbon monoxide. These chromium oxide catalysts are typically used in conjunction with cocatalysts such as trialkylboron or trialkylaluminum compounds. Chromium oxide catalysts can similarly be used in conjunction with a Ziegler catalyst, such as a titanium halide or titanium ester based catalyst. Medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may likewise be produced using supported chromium catalysts such as those described above in the discussion of suitable catalysts for preparing high density polyethylene. Medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention can likewise be produced using metallocene catalysts. Several different types of metallocene catalysts can be used. For example, the metallocene catalyst may contain a bis(metallocene) complex of zirconium, titanium, or hafnium with two rings of cyclopentadienyl and methylaluminoxane. As with the catalysts used in the production of high density polyethylene, the binders can be substituted with various groups (eg n-butyl group) or linked with bridging groups. Another class of metallocene catalysts that can be used are composed of bis(metallocene) complexes of zirconium or titanium and anions of perfluorinated boronaromatic compounds. A third class of metallocene catalysts that can be used are referred to as constrained geometry catalysts and contain monocyclopentadienyl derivatives of titanium or zirconium in which one of the carbon atoms in the cyclopentadienyl ring is attached to the metal atom by a bridging group. These complexes are activated by reacting them with methylaluminoxane or forming ionic complexes with non-coordinating anions, such as B(C6F5)4- or B(C6F5)3CH3-. A fourth class of metallocene catalysts that can be used are metallocene-based complexes of a transition metal, such as titanium, containing a cyclopentadienyl ligand in combination with another ligand, such as a phosphinimine or -O-SiR3 . This class of metallocene catalyst is likewise activated with methylaluminoxane or a boron compound. Other catalysts suitable for use in preparing medium density polyethylene suitable for use in the invention include, but are not limited to, the catalysts described in U.S. Patent No. 6,649,558.
[00053] Medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may have any suitable compositional uniformity which is a term used to describe the uniformity of branching in the polymer's copolymer molecules. Many commercially available medium density polyethylene polymers have relatively low compositional uniformity in that the high molecular weight fraction of the polymer contains relatively little of the α-olefin comonomer and has relatively little branching while a low molecular weight fraction of the polymer contains a relatively high amount of α-olefin comonomer and has a relatively large amount of branching. Alternatively, another set of medium density polyethylene polymers has a relatively low compositional uniformity in which the high molecular weight fraction of the polymer contains a relatively high amount of the α-olefin comonomer while a low molecular weight fraction of the polymer contains relatively little of the α-olefin comonomer. The compositional uniformity of the polymer can be measured using any suitable method, such as fractionation of the temperature rise elution.
[00054] Medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may have any suitable molecular weight. For example, the polymer can have a weight average molecular weight from about 50,000 g/mol to about 200,000 g/mol. As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the appropriate weight average molecular weight of the medium density polyethylene will depend, at least in part, on the particular application or end use for which the polymer is intended.
[00055] Medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may likewise have any suitable polydispersity. Many commercially available medium density polyethylene polymers have a polydispersity of from about 2 to about 30. Medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may likewise have a multimodal (e.g., bimodal) molecular weight distribution. . For example, the polymer can have a first fraction having a relatively low molecular weight and a second fraction having a relatively high molecular weight. As with the high density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention, the difference between the weight average molecular weight of the fractions in the multimodal medium density polyethylene polymer can be any suitable amount. In reality, the difference between the weighted average molecular weights need not be large enough because two distinct molecular weight fractions can be resolved using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). However, in certain multimodal polymers, the difference between the weighted average molecular weights of the fractions can be large enough because two or more distinct peaks can be resolved from the GPC curve for the polymer. In this context, the term "distinct" does not necessarily mean that the portions of the GPC curve that correspond to each fraction do not overlap, however, it is only intended to indicate that a distinct peak for each fraction can be solved from the GPC curve for the polymer. Multimodal polymers suitable for use in the invention can be produced using any suitable process. As noted above, multimodal polymers can be produced using organized reactor processes. A suitable example would be an organized solution process incorporating a series of stirred tanks. Alternatively, multimodal polymers can be produced in a single reactor using a combination of catalysts each of which are designed to produce a polymer having a different weight average molecular weight.
[00056] Medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may have any suitable melt index. For example, the medium density polyethylene polymer can have a melt index of from about 0.01 dg/min to about 200 dg/min. As with weight average molecular weight, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the suitable melt index for the medium density polyethylene polymer will depend, at least in part, on the particular application or end use to which the polymer is intended. Thus, for example, a medium density polyethylene polymer intended for blow molding applications or tube applications can have a melt index of from about 0.01 dg/min to about 1 dg/min. A medium density polyethylene polymer intended for blown film applications can have a melt index of from about 0.5 dg/min to about 3 dg/min. A medium density polyethylene polymer intended for cast film applications can have a melt index of from about 2 dg/min to about 10 dg/min. A medium density polyethylene polymer intended for injection molding applications can have a melt index of from about 6 dg/min to about 200 dg/min. A medium density polyethylene polymer intended for rotational molding applications can have a melt index of from about 4 dg/min to about 7 dg/min. A medium density polyethylene polymer intended for cable and wire insulation applications can have a melt index of about 0.5 dg/min to about 3 dg/min. Polymer melt index is measured using ASTM Standard D1238-04c.
[00057] Medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention generally do not contain a significant amount of long chain branching. For example, medium density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention generally contain less than about 0.1 long chain branches per 10,000 carbon atoms (for example, less than about 0.002 long chain branches per 100 units of carbon). ethylene) or less than about 0.01 long chain branch per 10,000 carbon atoms.
[00058] Linear low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention generally have a density of 0.925 g/cm3 or less (for example, about 0.910 g/cm3 to about 0.925 g/cm3). The term "linear low density polyethylene" is used to refer to lower density ethylene polymers having relatively short branches, at least compared to the long branches present in the low density polyethylene polymers produced by free radical polymerization of ethylene at high pressures.
[00059] Linear low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention are generally copolymers of ethylene and at least one α-olefin, such as 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, and 4-methyl-1-pentene. The α-olefin comonomer can be present in any suitable amount, however, it is typically present in an amount less than about 6% by mol (for example, about 2% by mol to about 5% by mol). As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the amount of comonomer suitable for the copolymer is largely driven by the end use for the copolymer, and the required or desired polymer properties dictated by that end use.
[00060] The linear low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention can be produced by any suitable process. As linear low density polyethylene polymers are typically produced in "low pressure" catalytic processes such as any of the processes described above with respect to high density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention such as high density polyethylene polymers. Suitable processes include, but are not limited to, gas phase polymerization processes, solution polymerization processes, suspension polymerization processes, and organized reactor processes. Suitable arranged reactor processes can incorporate any suitable combination of the gas phase, solution, and suspension polymerization processes described above. As with high density polyethylene polymers, organized reactor processes are often used to produce multimodal polymers.
[00061] Linear low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention can be produced using any suitable catalyst or combination of catalysts. For example, polymers can be produced using Ziegler catalysts such as transition metal halides or esters (eg titanium) used in combination with organoaluminum compounds (eg triethylaluminum). These Ziegler catalysts can be supported on, for example, magnesium chloride, silica, alumina, or magnesium oxide. Linear low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention can likewise be produced using so-called "dual Ziegler catalysts", which contain a kind of catalyst for dimerizing ethylene to 1-butene (e.g. a combination of a titanium triethylaluminum ester) and another catalyst for copolymerization of ethylene, and the generated 1-butene (eg titanium chloride supported on magnesium chloride). Linear low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may similarly be produced using chromium oxide catalysts, such as those produced by depositing a chromium compound on a silica-titania support, oxidizing the resulting catalyst in a mixture of oxygen and air, and then reducing the catalyst with carbon monoxide. These chromium oxide catalysts are typically used in conjunction with cocatalysts such as trialkylboron or trialkylaluminum compounds. Chromium oxide catalysts can similarly be used in conjunction with a Ziegler catalyst, such as a catalyst based on titanium ester or titanium halide. Linear low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may likewise be produced using chromium catalysts such as those described above in the discussion of suitable catalysts for preparing high density polyethylene. Linear low density polyethylene suitable for use in the invention can likewise be produced using metallocene catalysts. Several different types of metallocene catalysts can be used. For example, the metallocene catalyst may contain a bis(metallocene) complex of zirconium, titanium, or hafnium with two rings of cyclopentadienyl and methylaluminoxane. As with the catalysts used in the production of high density polyethylene, the binders can be substituted with various groups (eg n-butyl group) or linked with bridging groups. Another class of metallocene catalysts that can be used are composed of bis(metallocene) complexes of zirconium or titanium and anions of perfluorinated boronaromatic compounds. A third class of metallocene catalysts that can be used are referred to as constrained geometry catalysts and contain monocyclopentadienyl derivatives of titanium or zirconium in which one of the carbon atoms in the cyclopentadienyl ring is attached to the metal atom by a bridging group. These complexes are activated by reacting them with methylaluminoxane or forming ionic complexes with non-coordinating anions, such as B(C6F5)4- or B(C6F5)3CH3-. A fourth class of metallocene catalysts that can be used are metallocene-based complexes of a transition metal, such as titanium, containing a cyclopentadienyl ligand in combination with another ligand, such as a phosphinimine or -O-SIR3 . This class of metallocene catalyst is likewise activated with methylaluminoxane or a boron compound. Other catalysts suitable for use in preparing linear low density polyethylene suitable for use in the invention include, but are not limited to, catalysts described in U.S. Patent No. 6,649,558.
[00062] Linear low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may have any suitable compositional uniformity which is a term used to describe the uniformity of branching in the polymer's copolymer molecules. Many commercially available linear low density polyethylene polymers have a relatively low compositional uniformity in which the high molecular weight fraction of the polymer contains relatively little of the α-olefin comonomer and has relatively little branching while a low molecular weight fraction of the polymer contains a relatively high amount of α-olefin comonomer and has a relatively large amount of branching. Alternatively, another set of linear low density polyethylene polymers has a relatively low compositional uniformity in which the high molecular weight fraction of the polymer contains a relatively high amount of the α-olefin comonomer while a low molecular weight fraction of the polymer contains relatively little of the α-olefin comonomer. The compositional uniformity of the polymer can be measured using any suitable method, such as temperature rise elution fractionation.
[00063] Linear low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may have any suitable molecular weight. For example, the polymer can have a weight average molecular weight from about 20,000 g/mol to about 250,000 g/mol. As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the suitable weight average molecular weight of linear low density polyethylene will depend, at least in part, on the particular application or end use to which the polymer is intended.
[00064] The linear low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may likewise have any suitable polydispersity. Many commercially available linear low density polyethylene polymers have a relatively narrow molecular weight distribution and thus relatively low polydispersity, such as about 2 to about 5 (e.g., about 2.5 to about 4.5 or about 3.5 to about 4.5). Linear low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may likewise have a multimodal (e.g. bimodal) molecular weight distribution. For example, the polymer can have a first fraction having a relatively low molecular weight and a second fraction having a relatively high molecular weight. As with the high density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention, the difference between the weight average molecular weight of the fractions in the multimodal linear low density polyethylene polymer can be any suitable amount. In reality, it is not necessary for the difference between the weighted average molecular weights to be large enough because two distinct molecular weight fractions can be resolved using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). However, in certain multimodal polymers, the difference between the weighted average molecular weights of the fractions can be large enough because two or more distinct peaks can be resolved from the GPC curve for the polymer. In this context, the term "distinct" does not necessarily mean that the portions of the GPC curve corresponding to each fraction do not overlap, however, it is only intended to indicate that a distinct peak for each fraction can be solved from the GPC curve for the polymer. Multimodal polymers suitable for use in the invention can be produced using any suitable process. As noted above, multimodal polymers can be produced using any organized reactor process. A suitable example would be an organized solution process that incorporates a series of stirred tanks. Alternatively, multimodal polymers can be produced in a single reactor using a combination of catalysts each of which is designed to produce a polymer having a different weight average molecular weight.
[00065] Linear low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may have any suitable melt index. For example, the linear low density polyethylene polymer can have a melt index of from about 0.01 dg/min to about 200 dg/min. As with weight average molecular weight, those of ordinary skill in the art understand that the suitable melt index for the linear low density polyethylene polymer will depend, at least in part, on the particular application or end use to which the polymer is intended. . Thus, for example, a linear low density polyethylene polymer intended for blow molding applications or tube applications can have a melt index of from about 0.01 dg/min to about 1 dg/min. A linear low density polyethylene polymer intended for blown film applications can have a melt index of about 0.5 dg/min to about 3 dg/min. A linear low density polyethylene polymer intended for cast film applications can have a melt index of from about 2 dg/min to about 10 dg/min. A linear low density polyethylene polymer intended for injection molding applications can have a melt index of about 6 dg/min to about 200 dg/min. A linear low density polyethylene polymer intended for rotational molding applications can have a melt index of from about 4 dg/min to about 7 dg/min. A linear low density polyethylene polymer intended for cable and wire insulation applications can have a melt index of about 0.5 dg/min to about 3 dg/min. Polymer melt index is measured using ASTM Standard D1238-04c.
[00066] Linear low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention generally do not contain a significant amount of long chain branching. For example, linear low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention generally contain less than about 0.1 long chain branches per 10,000 carbon atoms (eg less than about 0.002 long chain branches per 100 units of ethylene) or less than about 0.01 long chain branch per 10,000 carbon atoms.
[00067] Low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention generally have a density less than 0.935 g/cm3 and, compared to high density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene and linear low density polyethylene, have a relatively high amount. large amount of long-chain branching in the polymer.
[00068] Low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may be ethylene homopolymers or ethylene copolymers and a polar comonomer. Suitable polar comonomers include, but are not limited to, vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and acrylic acid. These comonomers can be present in any suitable amount, with comonomer contents as high as 20% by weight being used for certain applications. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, the amount of comonomer suitable for the polymer is largely driven by the end use for the polymer, and the required or desired polymer properties dictated by that end use.
[00069] Low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention can be produced using any suitable process, however, typically the polymers are produced by free radical initiated polymerization of ethylene at high pressure (e.g., about 81 to about 276 MPa) and high temperature (eg, about 130 to about 330 °C). Any suitable free radical initiator can be used in such processes, with peroxides and oxygen being the most common. The free-radical polymerization mechanism gives rise to PA short-chain branching in the polymer and likewise the relatively high degree of long-chain branching that distinguishes low-density polyethylene from other ethylene polymers (eg, high-density polyethylene and linear low density polyethylene). The polymerization reaction is typically carried out in an autoclave reactor (eg, a stirred autoclave reactor), a tubular reactor, or a combination of such reactors positioned in series.
[00070] Low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may have any suitable molecular weight. For example, the polymer can have a weight average molecular weight from about 30,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol. As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the suitable weight average molecular weight of the low density polyethylene will depend, at least in part, on the particular application or end use to which the polymer is intended. For example, a low density polyethylene polymer intended for blow molding applications can have a weight average molecular weight of from about 80,000 g/mol to about 200,000 g/mol. A low density polyethylene polymer intended for pipe applications can have a weight average molecular weight of from about 80,000 g/mol to about 200,000 g/mol. A low density polyethylene polymer intended for injection molding applications can have a weight average molecular weight of from about 30,000 g/mol to about 80,000 g/mol. A low density polyethylene polymer intended for film applications can have a weight average molecular weight of from about 60,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol.
[00071] Low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention may have any suitable melt index. For example, the low density polyethylene polymer can have a melt index of from about 0.2 to about 100 dg/min. As noted above, polymer melt index is measured using ASTM Standard D1238-04c.
[00072] As noted above, one of the main distinctions between low density polyethylene and other ethylene polymers is a relatively high degree of long chain branching within the polymer. Low density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention can exhibit any suitable amount of long chain branching, such as about 0.01 or more long chain branches per 10,000 carbon atoms, about 0.1 or more branches long chain branches per 10,000 carbon atoms, about 0.5 or more long chain branches per 10,000 carbon atoms, about 1 or more long chain branches per 10,000 carbon atoms, or about 4 or more chain branches long by 10,000 carbon atoms. While there is no hard limit on the maximum extent of long-chain branching that can be present in low-density polyethylene polymers suitable for use in the invention, long-chain branching in many low-density polyethylene polymers is less than about 100 long-chain branches per 10,000 carbon atoms.
[00073] The thermoplastic polymer composition likewise comprises a nucleating agent. As used herein, the term "nucleating agent" is used to refer to compounds or additives that form nuclei or provide sites for formation and/or growth of crystals in a polymer when it solidifies from a molten state. In a first embodiment, the nucleating agent comprises a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (I)

[00074] In the structure of Formula (I), Ri is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, halogen, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, aryl groups, and substituted aryl groups. The variable n is zero or a positive integer from 1 to 4. L is a linking group comprising two or more atoms and at least one double bond between two atoms in the linking group. Variable v is a positive integer from 1 to 3. R2 is: (i) selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, substituted cycloalkyl groups, aryl groups, substituted aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, and substituted heteroaryl groups when L is a divalent linking group and v is 1, (ii) selected from the group consisting of alkanediyl groups, substituted alkanediyl groups, cycloalkanediyl groups, substituted cycloalkanediyl groups, arenediyl groups, substituted arenediyl groups, heteroarenediyl groups, and substituted heteroarenediyl groups when L is a trivalent linking group and v is 1, (iii) selected from the group consisting of alkanediyl groups, substituted alkanediyl groups, cycloalkanediyl groups, substituted cycloalkanediyl groups, arenediyl groups, substituted arenediyl groups, heteroarenediyl groups, and substituted heteroarediyl groups when L is a div linker group. ev is 2, and (iv) selected from the group consisting of alkanotriyl groups, substituted alkanetriyl groups, cycloalkanotriyl groups, substituted cycloalkanotriyl groups, arenetriyl groups, substituted arenetriyl groups, heteroarenotriyl groups, and substituted heteroarenotriyl groups when L is a group of divalent bond and v is 3. The variable x is a positive integer. Each M1 is a metal cation; variable y is the valence of the cation; and the variable z is a positive integer. Variable b is zero or a positive integer. When b is a positive integer, each Q1 is a negatively charged counterion, and a is the valence of the negatively charged counterion. The values of v, x, y, z, a, and b satisfy the equation (vx) + (ab) = yz. In the structure of Formula (I), the cyclic portion of the cycloalkyl group or substituted cycloalkyl group comprises no more than two ring structures fused together when L is a divalent linking group, v is 1, and R2 is a cycloalkyl group or a group substituted cycloalkyl.
[00075] In a preferred embodiment, R1 is a halogen or hydroxy, with n=1 being particularly preferred. In a more specific embodiment, n can be 1, R1 can be hydroxy and attached to the aryl ring in the ortho position to the carboxylate group. In another preferred embodiment, n is 0, meaning that the carboxylate-substituted aryl ring is not substituted with R1 groups.
[00076] L is a linking group comprising two or more atoms and at least one double bond between the two atoms in the linking group. With at least one double bond between the two atoms in the linking group, two of the atoms in the linking group are hybridized by sp2, and the sum of the bond angles around at least one of these atoms is approximately 360 degrees. The presence of the double bond within the preference group restricts the rotation of the molecule around the double bond and, while not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, is believed to maintain the compound in a configuration that is more favorable for polymer nucleation. . In a number of preferred embodiments, L is selected from the group consisting of portions conforming to the structure of one of the Formulas (LA) - (LF) below.


[00077] As can be seen from these structures, suitable linking groups comprise at least two atoms and a double bond between two atoms in the linking group. With each of these L groups, any suitable end of the linking group can be attached to the carboxylate-substituted aryl ring, and the other end(s) can be attached to the R 2 group. In a preferred embodiment, L is a moiety which selects from the group consisting of moieties conforming to the structure of Formulas (LA) and (LD). In a particularly preferred embodiment, L is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (LA). In such an embodiment, the moieties can have the nitrogen atom attached to the carboxylate-substituted aryl ring or the R2 group.
[00078] The R2 group can be a monovalent, divalent, or trivalent moiety. The valence of R2 depends on the valence of the linking group L, and the number of carboxylate-substituted aryl rings in the compound. Thus, when L is a divalent linking group, v is 1, and R2 can be selected from the group consisting of moieties conforming to the structure of one of Formulas (AA)-(AG) below. The Formula (AA) structure is

[00079] In the structure of Formula (AA), the variable d is zero or a positive integer from 1 to 5, and each R10 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, aryl groups, and substituted aryl groups. The structure of Formula (AB) is

[00080] In the structure of Formula (AB), the variable h is zero or a positive integer from 1 to 10, and each R13 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, aryl groups, and substituted aryl groups. The structure of Formula (AC) is

[00081] In the structure of Formula (AC), the variable e is zero or a positive integer from 1 to 8, and each R15 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, aryl groups, and substituted aryl groups. The Formula (AD) structure is

[00082] In the structure of Formula (AD), the variable g is zero or a positive integer from 1 to 6, and each R20 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, aryl groups, and substituted aryl groups. The Formula (AE) structure is

[00083] In the structure of Formula (AE), the variable j is zero or a positive integer from 1 to 4, and each R25 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, aryl groups, and substituted aryl groups. The Formula (AF) structure is

[00084] In the structure of Formula (AF), the variables X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 are independently selected from the group consisting of a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom, provided that at least one and no more that three of X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 are nitrogen atoms; t is zero or a positive integer equal to 5-X where X is the number of nitrogen atoms; and each R27 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, aryl groups, and substituted aryl groups. The structure of Formula (AG) is

[00085] In the structure of Formula (AG), the variable X6 is selected from the group consisting of a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, and a secondary amine group, X7, X8, and X9 are independently selected from the group consisting of one carbon atom and one nitrogen atom, at least one and no more than three of X6, X7, X8, and X9 are non-carbon atoms; u is zero or a positive integer equal to 4-Y where Y is the number of non-carbon atoms in the ring structure; and each R29 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano groups, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, aryl groups, and substituted aryl groups.
[00086] When L is a trivalent linking group, v is 1, and R2 can be selected from the group consisting of moieties conforming to the structure of one of the Formulas (AH)-(AJ) below. The structure of Formula (AH) is


[00087] In the structure of Formula (AH), the variable k is zero or a positive integer from 1 to 8, and each R30 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, aryl groups, and substituted aryl groups. The Formula (AI) structure is

[00088] In the structure of Formula (AI), the variable m is zero or a positive integer from 1 to 4, and each R35 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, aryl groups, and substituted aryl groups. The Formula (AJ) structure is

[00089] In the structure of Formula (AJ), variable p is zero or a positive integer from 1 to 3, p' is zero or a positive integer from 1 to 3, and each R40 and R45 is independently selected from from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, aryl groups, and substituted aryl groups.
[00090] When L is a divalent linking group, v is 2, and R2 can be selected from the group consisting of moieties conforming to the structure of Formula (BA) below

[00091] In the structure of Formula (BA), the variable q is zero or a positive integer from 1 to 4, r is zero or a positive integer from 1 to 4, and each R50 and R55 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, aryl groups, and substituted aryl groups.
[00092] When L is a divalent linking group, v is 3, and R2 can be selected from the group consisting of moieties conforming to the structure of Formula (AC) below

[00093] In the structure of Formula (AC), the variable s is zero or a positive integer from 1 to 3, and each R60 is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl groups, substituted alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, aryl groups, and substituted aryl groups.
[00094] In a series of preferred embodiments, L is a divalent linking group, v is 1, and R2 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (AA). Within this series of preferred embodiments, the variable d is preferably zero or 1. If d is 1, the group R10 preferably is attached to the aryl ring in the para position relative to the attachment to the linking group L. Furthermore, if d is 1, the R10 group is preferably a halogen (for example, bromine), an alkoxy group (for example, a methoxy group), or an aryl group (for example, a phenyl group).
[00095] In a number of preferred embodiments, L is a divalent linking group, v is 1, and R2 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (AC). Within this series of preferred embodiments, the variable d is preferably zero or 1, with zero being particularly preferred.
[00096] As noted above, M1 is a metal cation. Suitable metal cations include, but are not limited to, alkali metal cations (eg sodium), alkaline earth metal cations (eg calcium), transition metal cations (eg zinc), and cations of group 13 metal (eg aluminium). As used herein, the term "transition metal" is used to refer to those elements in the d-block of the periodic table of elements that correspond to groups 3 through 12 in the periodic table of elements. In a preferred embodiment, M1 is a metal cation selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, calcium, and zinc. In another preferred embodiment, M1 is a lithium cation. In those embodiments in which the compound contains more than one metal cation M1, each M1 can be the same or different.
[00097] In a number of preferred embodiments, the nucleating agent may comprise a compound conforming to the structure of one of Formulas (IA). (IM) below




[00098] The composition may comprise one or more metal salt compounds conforming to the structure of Formula (I). For example, the composition may comprise any suitable combination of compounds conforming to the structures of (IA) - (IM) described above. More specifically, the composition may comprise a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (IA) and the compound conforming to the structure of Formula (IL). In another specific embodiment, the composition can comprise a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (IB) and a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (IL). In yet another specific embodiment, the composition can comprise a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (IC) and a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (IL). Mixtures of these compounds can be used to produce compositions that exhibit a desired combination of properties, with one compound providing a benefit and another compound providing an additional benefit.
[00099] The metal salt compounds of Formula (I), and the more specific structures encompassed by Formula (I) can be synthesized using any suitable technique, many of which will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, if the acid used in preparing the compound is commercially available, the compound can be prepared by reacting the acid with a suitable base (eg, a base comprising the desired metal cation and a Br0nsted base) in a medium. suitable (e.g. an aqueous medium). If the acid to be used in preparing the metal salt compound is not commercially available, the acid can be synthesized, for example, using any of the techniques illustrated below in the examples. Once the desired acid is obtained, the compound can be produced as described above (for example, by reacting the acid with a suitable base in an appropriate medium).
[000100] The metal salt compounds of Formula (I), and the more specific structures encompassed by Formula (I) can be produced in various forms of particle sizes. In general, these salt compounds form layered crystal structures in which metal ions are present in galleries that are interspersed between alternating layers of organic surfaces. As a result, flat platelet-like particles are often produced in which the nucleation surfaces are exposed at the top and bottom of the particles, rather than at the edges. The aspect ratio of these platelet-like particles is typically defined as diameter, or amplitude, versus thickness. Elongated platelets, or "lath-like" crystals, is another particle morphology possible with these metal salt compounds. In these elongated structures, the aspect ratio is typically defined as the ratio of length to width. Aspect ratios from 2:1 to 50:1 are possible. Particles with aspect ratios can align in polymer melt flow fields such that the flat surfaces are parallel to the machine, or flow, direction and parallel to the transverse, or cross, direction. As a result, the nucleation surfaces are exposed alone in the normal direction of polymer melt during part fabrication (exceptions would result when the platelet-shaped particles had an insufficient aspect ratio for flat registration, and turbulence in the flow direction results of polymer). Preferred particle orientations, or "record", combined with specific crystallographic interactions with polyethylene during the nucleation event, can create targeted lamellar growth that can result in unique and beneficial orientations of polyethylene crystals within produced articles.
[000101] The nucleating agent particles discussed above can be of any suitable size. Preferably, the nucleating agent particles are small enough that they are not visible in a finished article made of the thermoplastic polymer composition. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the nucleating agent particles are preferably less than 25 microns in diameter, more preferably less than 20 microns in diameter, and preferably less than 15 microns in diameter.
[000102] The nucleating agent can be present in the thermoplastic polymer composition in any suitable amount. The nucleating agent can be present in the thermoplastic polymer composition in an amount of about 50 parts per million (ppm) or more, about 100 ppm or more, about 250 ppm or more, or about 500 ppm or more, based on the total weight of the thermoplastic polymer composition. The nucleating agent is typically present in the thermoplastic polymer composition in an amount of about 10,000 ppm or less, about 7,500 ppm or less, about 5,000 ppm or less, about 4,000 ppm or less, or about 3,000 ppm or less, based on the total weight of the thermoplastic polymer composition. Thus, in certain embodiments of the thermoplastic polymer composition, the nucleating agent is present in the thermoplastic polymer composition in an amount of about 50, about 10,000 ppm, about 100 to about 7,500 ppm (e.g., about 100 to about 5,000 ppm), about 250 to about 5,000 ppm (for example, about 250 to about 4,000 ppm or about 250 to about 3,000 ppm), or about 500 to about 5,000 ppm (per example, about 500 to about 4,000 ppm, or about 500 to about 3,000 ppm), based on the total weight of the polymer composition.
[000103] The thermoplastic polymer composition of the invention can be provided similarly in the form of a master batch composition designed for addition or reduction in a virgin thermoplastic polymer. In such an embodiment, the thermoplastic polymer composition will generally contain a higher amount of the nucleating agent compared to a thermoplastic polymer composition intended for use in forming an article of manufacture without further dilution or addition to a virgin thermoplastic polymer. For example, the nucleating agent may be present in such a thermoplastic polymer composition in an amount of from about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight (for example, about 1% by weight to about 5% by weight weight or about 2% by weight to about 4% by weight), based on the total weight of the thermoplastic polymer composition.
[000104] The thermoplastic polymer composition of the invention may contain other polymer additives in addition to the aforementioned nucleating agent. Suitable additional polymer additives include, but are not limited to, antioxidants (eg, phenolic antioxidants, phosphite antioxidants, and combinations thereof), antiblocking agents (eg, amorphous silica and diatomaceous earth), pigments (eg, pigments organics and inorganic pigments) and other dyes (eg dyes and polymer dyes), fillers and reinforcing agents (eg glass, glass fibers, talc, calcium carbonate, and fibrillar monocrystals of magnesium oxysulfate), agents nucleation agents, clarifying agents, acid sequestrants (eg metal salts of fatty acids, such as the metal salts of stearic acid, and dihydrotalcite), polymer process additives (eg metal processing agents). fluoropolymer polymer), polymer crosslinking agents, slip agents (eg fatty acid amide compounds derived from the reaction between a fatty acid and ammonia or a containing compound the amine), fatty acid ester compounds (eg, fatty acid ester compounds derived from the reaction between a fatty acid and a hydroxyl-containing compound, such as glycerol, diglycerol, and combinations thereof), and combinations of the foregoing.
[000105] As noted above, the thermoplastic polymer composition of the invention may contain other nucleating agents in addition to these compounds conforming to the structure of Formula (I). Suitable nucleating agents include, but are not limited to, salts of 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (e.g., 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4 sodium ,6-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate or 2,2'-methylene-bis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl)aluminum phosphate), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3 salts -dicarboxylate (eg, disodium bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylate or calcium bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylate), cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate salts (by example, calcium cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, monobasic aluminum cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, dilithium cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate, or dilithium cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate strontium), glycerolate salts (eg, zinc glycerolate), phthalate salts (eg, calcium phthalate), phenylphosphonic acid salts (eg, calcium phenylphosphonate), and combinations thereof. For the bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylate salts, and the cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate salts, the carboxylate moieties can be arranged in the cis or trans configuration, with the cis configuration being preferred. .
[000106] As noted above, the thermoplastic polymer composition of the invention may likewise contain a clarifying agent. Suitable clarifying agents include, but are not limited to, trisamides and acetal compounds which are the condensation product of a polyhydric alcohol and an aromatic aldehyde. Suitable trisamide clarifying agents include, but are not limited to, benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid amide derivatives, N-(3,5-bis-formylamino-phenyl)-formamide derivative (e.g. N-[3,5-bis-(2,2-dimethyl-propionylamino)-phenyl]-2,2-dimethyl-propionamide), 2-carbamoyl-malonamide derivatives (eg, N,N'-bis-( 2-methyl-cyclohexyl)-2-(2-methyl-cyclohexylcarbamoyl)-malonamide), and combinations thereof. As noted above, the clarifying agent may be an acetal compound which is the condensation product of a polyhydric alcohol and an aromatic aldehyde. Suitable polyhydric alcohols include acyclic polyols such as xylitol and sorbitol, as well as acyclic deoxy polyols (for example 1,2,3-trideoxynonitol or 1,2,3-trideoxynon-1-enitol). Suitable aromatic aldehydes typically contain a single aldehyde group with the remaining positions on the aromatic ring being unsubstituted or substituted. Accordingly, suitable aromatic aldehydes include benzaldehyde and substituted benzaldehydes (for example, 3,4-dimethyl-benzaldehyde or 4-propyl-benzaldehyde). The acetal compound produced by the above-mentioned reaction can be a mono-acetal, di-acetal, or tri-acetal compound (i.e., a compound containing one, two, or three acetal groups, respectively), with the diacetal compounds being preferred. Suitable acetal-based clarifying agents include, but are not limited to, the clarifying agents described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,049,605; 7,157,510; and 7,262,236.
[000107] The thermoplastic polymer composition of the invention can be produced by any suitable method or process. For example, the thermoplastic polymer composition can be produced by simply mixing the individual components of the thermoplastic polymer composition (eg, thermoplastic polymer, nucleating agent, and other additives, if any). The thermoplastic polymer composition can likewise be produced by blending the individual components under high shear or high intensity mixing conditions. The thermoplastic polymer composition of the invention may be provided in any form suitable for use in another process to produce an article of manufacture from the thermoplastic polymer composition. For example, thermoplastic polymer compositions can be provided in the form of a powder (e.g., free-flowing powder), flake, pellet, prill, tablet, agglomerate, and the like.
[000108] The thermoplastic polymer composition of the invention is believed to be useful in the production of manufacturing thermoplastic polymer articles. The thermoplastic polymer composition of the invention can be formed into a desired thermoplastic polymer article of manufacture by any suitable technique, such as injection molding (e.g., thin wall injection molding, multi-component molding, super molding, or 2K molding ), blow molding (eg, extrusion blow molding, injection blow molding, or injection extension blow molding), extrusion (eg, fiber extrusion, tape extrusion (eg, incision tape ), sheet extrusion, film extrusion, cast film extrusion, tube extrusion, extrusion coating, or foam extrusion), thermoforming, rotational molding, film blowing (blown film), film casting (cast film), compression molding, extrusion compression molding, extrusion compression blow molding, and the like. Thermoplastic polymer articles made using the thermoplastic polymer composition of the invention may be comprised of multilayers (e.g., multilayer blown or cast films or multilayer injection molded articles), with one or any suitable number of the multilayer containing a thermoplastic polymer composition of the invention.
[000109] The thermoplastic polymer composition of the invention can be used to produce any suitable article of manufacture. Suitable articles of manufacture include, but are not limited to, medical devices (eg, pre-filled syringes for retort applications, intravenous delivery containers, and blood collection mechanism), food packaging, liquid containers (eg, beverage containers, medications, personal care compositions, shampoos, and the like), apparel case (apparel = apparel), microwaveable items, filing cabinets, cabinet doors, mechanical parts, automobile parts, sheets, pipes, tubes, rotationally molded parts, blow molded parts, films, fibers, and the like.
[000110] The addition of the heterogeneous nucleating agents described above has been consistently demonstrated to nucleate the thermoplastic polymer (eg, polyolefin, such as polyethylene), as observed, for example, through an increase in the peak polymer recrystallization temperature of the polymer. In addition, the addition of the nucleating agent has been observed to favorably improve certain physical properties of the thermoplastic polymer, such as fog, tear strength (any absolute tear strength or the balance between tear strength in the machine and transverse directions), hardness, and barrier properties. When the thermoplastic polymer composition is used to produce an article, the physical property effects of the nucleating agent on the polymer can be improved by manipulating the characteristic process time (T) and/or selecting a polymer that exhibits a time. of appropriate medium relaxation (X). In this context, the characteristic process time (t) is the time during which the molten polymer is subjected to stress, which results in stress (eg extensional melt stress) in the polymer melt. The mean relaxation time (X) is a characteristic of the polymer and is a measure of the time it takes for the polymer to melt to relieve stress. The mean relaxation time (X) is dependent, inter alia, on the molecular weight of the polymer, the molecular weight distribution of the polymer, and the degree of branching in the polymer. For example, X is known to be proportional to the molecular weight of the polymer, with higher molecular weights leading to longer relaxation times. Furthermore, most commercial polyolefins are more or less polydispersed, with the degree of polydispersity typically indicated by Mw/Mn as determined by GPC. This polydispersity inherently produces a series of relaxation times dependent on molecular weight, however, many techniques can measure only a single average relaxation time by such polydispersed systems. Polydispersity of the polymer, and the relaxation series dependent on molecular weight and/or average relaxation time, can also be intentionally amplified or manipulated by making the blends bimodal, as described above.
[000111] Many thermoplastic polymers, such as polyethylene, crystallize by chain doubling, producing crystalline lamellae interspersed with an amorphous phase. In processes where the molten polymer is subjected to relatively little stress, the polymer chains in the polymer melt are not well aligned, and the polymer melt (eg, polyethylene melt) cools until sufficient chain alignment occurs for spontaneously start the growth of crystalline lamellae. When this spontaneous gill growth occurs, the nucleation density is relatively low, and the growing gills also shift before meeting each other. This allows the lamellae to begin to change their direction or widen, with the extreme of the flare being the formation of full spherulites. Because of the relatively long time this causes autonucleation to occur under these conditions, a nucleating agent (such as that described in this application) added to the polymer melt will have the opportunity to control a greater proportion of the growth of the coverslips. And with a greater proportion of the coverslips that are formed by the nucleating agent, the nucleating agent will effectively influence the physical properties of the polymer and article.
[000112] Certain processes, such as film blowing, can impart significant extensional stress to polymer melt in the machine direction (ie, the direction in which the molten polymer exits the matrix). The resulting stress causes the polymer chains to unwind from their entropic alternate coil, resulting in extended polymer chain alignments in the machine direction. If this orientation persists when the polymer melt cools, some of these extended, aligned chain segments may crystallize from the melt to form relatively long fibrils. Fibrils are very effective in nucleating strand duplication lamella growth. The lamellae form and begin to grow perpendicular to the fibril axis and more or less radially around the fibrils. Since the nucleation density is higher, the growing coverslips can meet each other before significant enlargement begins. This process is referred to herein as "stress-induced fibril autonucleation". Under certain conditions as described below, this stress-induced fibril autonucleation can become prominent in the polymer (eg a polyethylene polymer). Thus, any heterogeneous nucleating agent has to compete with this stress-induced fibril autonucleation, making the nucleating agent less effective in favorably influencing the physical properties of the polymer, and the article. The effects of À and T on stress-induced fibril autonucleation, and the effectiveness of nucleating agents are described below.
[000113] Assuming a constant T, a shorter À means that stress relaxation to a greater degree occurs and less polymer chain orientation (eg polymer chain orientation induced by extensional stress in polymer melt) remains at the end. of t. Under such conditions, stress-induced fibril autonucleation will be less prominent in the polymer, and a nucleating agent will be more effective in controlling slide growth and influencing the physical properties of the polymer, and article. At the same t, a longer À means that less stress relaxation occurs and more polymer chain orientation remains at the end of t. Under this series of conditions, stress-induced fibril autonucleation will be more prominent in the polymer, and a nucleating agent will be less effective in controlling the growth of coverslips and influencing the physical properties of the polymer and article.
[000114] In evaluating the effects of À et on stress-induced fibril autonucleation, and the effectiveness of heterogeneous nucleation agents (such as those described here) in, for example, blown film processes, it may be instructive to consider the relationship of À at (À/t), which will be referred to hereinafter as the "Manufacturing Time Ratio" (FTR). The FTR is similarly and roughly analogous to Deborah's (De) number. As illustrated by the previous discussion, a lower FTR means that less stress-induced fibril autonucleation will occur in the polymer, making a nucleating agent more effective in influencing physical properties. And a higher FTR means that more stress-induced fibril autonucleation will occur in the polymer, making a nucleating agent less effective in influencing physical properties. Since the times of most commercial processes can only be varied within a relatively narrow window, the most viable option for changing the FTR to improve or optimize the effect of the nucleating agent is to change À, which is done by varying the properties of the polymer. More specifically, for a given process, the effect of the nucleating agent can be optimized to achieve the desired result by varying the polymer properties and À to better compare the process time T.
[000115] Thus, if one cannot achieve the desired degree of nucleation effects (for example, improved barrier properties or increased tear strength) using a particular nucleating agent and polymer in a process, one can improve the results selecting a different polymer having a shorter . For example, one might select a bimodal polymer containing a first fraction having a relatively low Melt Index (which is typically indicative of a higher molecular weight and therefore longer À) and a second fraction having a relatively low Melt Index high (which is typically indicative of a lower molecular weight and therefore a shorter À). In this system, the higher Fusion Index fraction can provide an À for the entire polymer which results in less stress-induced fibril autonucleation and improved response to the heterogeneous nucleating agent. Alternatively, the nucleating agent may only nucleate the higher Fusion Index fraction (due to the shorter À displayed by the fraction), letting the lower Fusion Index fraction undergo stress-induced fibril autonucleation in basically the same way as if no nucleating agent was present. Regardless of the mechanism at work, the end result is that the nucleating agent more controls the growth of the coverslips in the polymer and shows an increased influence on the physical properties of the polymer. While the previous example describes the use of bimodal polymers, the same effects can be obtained using the multimodal polymers and physical blends of the distinct polymers because each of these alternatives likewise provides a means of reducing À . Furthermore, similar improvements can be obtained by selecting a polymer having a more limited molecular weight distribution (as indicated by a lower melt flow rate). A more narrow molecular weight distribution typically indicates the absence of a higher molecular weight "slurry" or fraction in the polymer that would increase À to the polymer. Likewise, similar improvements can be obtained by selecting a polymer having less long chain branching, as long chain branching can result in melt entanglement which can increase À.
[000116] In a second embodiment, the invention provides a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (C)

[000117] In the structure of Formula (C), R101 is selected from the group consisting of a cyclopentyl group and moieties conforming to the structure of Formula (CI). The Formula (CI) structure is

[000118] In the structure of (CI), R105 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and halogen. The variable x is a positive integer; each M1 is a metal cation; y is the valence of the cation; and z is a positive integer. Variable b is zero or a positive integer. When b is a positive integer, each Q1 is a negatively charged counterion and a is the valence of the negatively charged counterion. The values of x, y, z, a, and b satisfy the equation x + (ab) = yz.
[000119] M1 can be any of the cations described above as being suitable for the compound conforming to the structure of Formula (I), including those cations noted as being preferred for the structure of Formula (I). In a preferred embodiment, M1 is a metal cation selected from the group consisting of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. In another preferred embodiment, M1 is a metal cation selected from the group consisting of alkali metals. In a preferred embodiment, M1 is a lithium cation. Q1, if present, may be any of the anions described above as being suitable for the compound conforming to the structure of Formula (I), including those anions noted to be preferred for the structure of Formula (I).
[000120] In a preferred embodiment, R101 is a cyclopentyl group. The cyclopentyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted. The substituted cyclopentyl group can conform to the structure of Formula (AC) above. Preferably, the cyclopentyl group is unsubstituted. In a more specific embodiment, R101 is a cyclopentyl group, variable x is 1, M1 is a lithium cation, y is 1, z is 1, and b is zero.
[000121] In another preferred embodiment, R101 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CI). In a more specific embodiment, R101 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CI), and R105 is hydrogen. In another specific embodiment, R101 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CI), R105 is hydrogen, x is 1, M1 is a lithium cation, y is 1, z is 1, and b is zero. In another specific embodiment, R101 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CI), and R105 is a halogen, preferably bromine. In a more specific embodiment, R101 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CI), R105 is bromine, x is 1, M1 is a lithium cation, y is 1, z is 1, and b is zero.
[000122] In a number of additional embodiments, the compound of this second embodiment can be used as a nucleating agent for a thermoplastic polymer as described above in the first embodiment of the invention. In particular, these additional embodiments include thermoplastic polymer compositions comprising a thermoplastic polymer, preferably a polyolefin polymer (e.g., a polyethylene polymer), and one or more of the specific compounds described in the preceding paragraphs.
[000123] In a third embodiment, the invention provides a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (CX)

[000124] In the structure of (CX), R111 is selected from the group consisting of a cyclopentyl group and moieties conforming to the structure of Formula (CXI); and R112 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and hydroxy. The structure of Formula (CXI) is

[000125] In the structure of (CXI), R115 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a halogen, methoxy, and phenyl. The variable x is a positive integer; each M1 is a metal cation; y is the valence of the cation; and z is a positive integer. Variable b is zero or a positive integer. When b is a positive integer, each Q1 is a negatively charged counterion and a is the valence of the negatively charged counterion. The values of x, y, z, a, and b satisfy the equation x + (ab) = yz. Also, if R115 is hydrogen, then R112 is hydrogen, x is 1, M1 is a lithium cation, y is 1, z is 1, and b is zero. Likewise, R115 is a methoxy group then R112 is a hydroxy group.
[000126] M1 may be any of the cations described above as being suitable for the compound conforming to the structure of Formula (I), including those cations noted as being preferred for the structure of Formula (I). In a preferred embodiment, M1 is a metal cation selected from the group consisting of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. In another preferred embodiment, M1 is a metal cation selected from the group consisting of alkali metals. In a preferred embodiment, M1 is a lithium cation. Q1, if present, may be any of the anions described above as being suitable for the compound conforming to the structure of Formula (I), including those anions noted to be preferred for the structure of Formula (I).
[000127] In a preferred embodiment, R111 is a cyclopentyl group. The cyclopentyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted. The substituted cyclopentyl group can conform to the structure of Formula (AC) above. Preferably, the cyclopentyl group is unsubstituted. In a more specific embodiment, R111 is a cyclopentyl group, variable x is 1, M1 is a lithium cation, y is 1, z is 1, and b is zero.
[000128] In another preferred embodiment, R111 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CXI). In a more specific embodiment, R111 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CXI), and R115 is hydrogen. In another more specific embodiment, R111 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CXI), and R115 is a methoxy group. In yet another specific embodiment, R111 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CXI), R115 is a methoxy group, x is 1, M1 is a lithium cation, y is 1, z is 1, and b is zero . In another more specific embodiment, R111 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CXI), and R115 is a halogen, preferably chlorine. In a still more specific embodiment, R111 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CXI), R115 is a halogen, preferably chlorine, and R112 is hydrogen. In another more specific embodiment, R111 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CXI), R115 is chlorine, R112 is hydrogen, and M1 is a cation of a metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, preferably sodium . In a more specific embodiment, R111 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CXI), R115 is chlorine, R112 is hydrogen, x is 1, M1 is a sodium cation, y is 1, z is 1, and b is zero.
[000129] In a number of additional embodiments, the compound of this third embodiment can be used as a nucleating agent for a thermoplastic polymer as described above in the first embodiment of the invention. In particular, these additional embodiments include thermoplastic polymer compositions comprising a thermoplastic polymer, preferably a polyolefin polymer (e.g., a polyethylene polymer) and one or more of the specific compounds described in the preceding paragraphs.
[000130] In a fourth embodiment, the invention provides a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (CXX)

[000131] In the structure of (CXX), the variable x is a positive integer. Each M1 is a cation of a metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and zinc; y is the valence of the cation; and z is a positive integer. Variable b is zero or a positive integer. When b is a positive integer, each Q1 is a negatively charged counterion and a is the valence of the negatively charged counterion. The values of x, y, z, a, and b satisfy the equation x + (ab) = yz.
[000132] In a preferred embodiment, M1 is a cation of a metal selected from the group consisting of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. In another preferred embodiment, M1 is a metal cation selected from the group consisting of alkali metals. In a more specific modality, M1 is a lithium cation. In another specific embodiment, x is 1, M1 is a lithium cation, y is 1, z is 1, and b is zero.
[000133] In a number of additional embodiments, the compound of this fourth embodiment can be used as a nucleating agent for a thermoplastic polymer as described above in the first embodiment of the invention. In particular, these additional embodiments include thermoplastic polymer compositions comprising a thermoplastic polymer, preferably a polyolefin polymer (e.g., a polyethylene polymer), and, one or more of the specific compounds described in the preceding paragraphs.
[000134] In another embodiment, the invention provides an additive composition comprising a nucleating agent as described above and an acid sequestering compound. The nucleating agent present in the composition may be any one or more of the nucleating agent compounds described above, such as a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (I), a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (C ), a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (CX), a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (CXX), or any suitable mixture of such compounds. Preferably, the nucleating agent in the additive composition is selected from the group consisting of compounds conforming to the structure of Formula (CX). More preferably, the nucleating agent is a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (CX) wherein R112 is hydrogen, R111 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CXI), and R115 is a halogen. In a more specific preferred embodiment, the nucleating agent is a compound conforming to the structure of Formula (CX) wherein R112 is hydrogen, R111 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CXI), R115 is chloro , M1 is a sodium cation, x is 1, y is 1, z is 1, and b is 0.
[000135] Preferably, the acid sequestrant is selected from the group consisting of metal salts of fatty acids and synthetic hydrotalcite compounds. Suitable metal salts of fatty acids include, but are not limited to, metal salts of C12 -C22 fatty acids, such as stearic acid. In a preferred embodiment, the acid sequestrant is selected from the group consisting of zinc, potassium, and lanthanum salts of stearic acid. Suitable synthetic hydrotalcite compounds include, but are not limited to, DHT-4A acid sequestrant sold by Kyowa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
[000136] The nucleating agent, and the acid sequestrant can be present in the additive composition in any suitable amount. For example, the nucleating agent and acid sequestrant can be present in the additive composition in a ratio (nucleating agent to acid sequestrant) of about 10:1 to about 1:10 based on the weight of the acid sequestrant. nucleation, and in the acid sequestrant in the composition. More preferably, the nucleating agent, and the acid sequestrant are present in the additive composition in a ratio (nucleating agent to acid sequestrant) of about 4:1 to about 1:4, about 3:1 to about from 1:3, about 1:1 to about 1:4, or about 1:1 to about 1:3 based on the weight of the nucleating agent, and the acid scavenger in the additive composition.
[000137] Surprisingly, it has been found that the nucleating agent, and the acid sequestrant interact synergistically when the additive composition described above is added to a thermoplastic polymer. In particular, it has been found that the addition of the acid sequestrant can improve the performance of the nucleating agent. For example, the addition of both the nucleating agent and the acid sequestrant can improve physical property enhancements to the polymer beyond those realized when the nucleating agent is used alone. Likewise, the addition of the acid sequestrant can allow one to achieve a desired level of physical property enhancements to the polymer using less nucleating agent than would be required if the nucleating agent were added alone. This synergy is considered especially surprising given the fact that the acid scavenger has not been observed to nucleate the polymer itself. For example, the addition of the acid scavenger alone does not have an appreciable effect on the physical properties of the polymer.
[000138] The additive composition described above is intended for incorporation into a thermoplastic polymer, such as the polyethylene and polypropylene polymers described earlier in this application. In particular, the additive composition is believed to be particularly effective when used in a high density polyethylene polymer. In these polymers, the addition of the additive composition was observed to significantly decrease machine direction shrinkage which is indicative of the increased machine direction orientation of the crystalline lamellas and significantly improves the polymer's hardness and heat deflection temperature.
[000139] The following examples also illustrate the subject described above, however, of course, they should not be interpreted in any way as limiting the scope of the same. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX1
[000140] This example demonstrates the preparation of 4-chlorocarbonyl-benzoic acid methyl ester having the following structure
.
[000141] In a 4 L boiler with mechanical stirrer, reflux condenser, addition funnel, thermometer, water bath and thermal plate, 438 g of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and 2700 mL of toluene were added. The kettle was heated to about 65°C to dissolve all the DMT. After dissolution, a potassium hydroxide solution (144.54 g in 700 ml methanol) was added dropwise over 45 minutes. The reaction was stirred at 65 °C for three hours, and then the reaction cooled to room temperature overnight. The solid was collected after filtration and washed with 3750 ml of toluene at 80°C. The product was filtered again and oven dried at 110°C. The yield was 465.9 g (95.3%).
[000142] In a flask with rounded base with three 2 L necks with mechanical stirrer, addition funnel, water bath, thermometer, nitrogen sweep and thermal plate, 130.31 g of the product made in the previous step and 1000 mL of toluene were added. Then 48 ml of thionyl chloride was added dropwise. After the addition was complete, the mixture was heated at 67°C for three hours. The reaction cooled to room temperature and stirred overnight. The contents were filtered to collect the filtrate. Excess solvent was removed by vacuum and 86.52 g of product were obtained (73% yield). PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX2
[000143] This example demonstrates the synthesis of N-cyclopentyl terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000144] A 2 L round-bottomed flask was charged with 15.44 g of sodium bicarbonate, 15.75 g of cyclopentyl amine, 0.5 g of triethylamine and 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF). The flask was cooled in an ice bath, and then a solution of 4-chlorocarbonyl-benzoic acid methyl ester (36.78 g in about 100 mL of THF) was added dropwise to the flask. After addition, the mixture was heated to reflux. The reaction was monitored with infrared (IR) spectroscopy until the peak at 1780 cm-1 had disappeared. Then, the mixture was poured into about 2 L of water and stirred for approximately 20 minutes. The solid product was collected after filtration and oven dried at 100°C.
[000145] In a flask with rounded base with three necks of 2 L, 21 grams of the product made in the previous step and 150 mL of methanol were added. The mixture was heated to reflux and potassium hydroxide (4.76 g, pre-dissolved in methanol) was added. The reaction was monitored with IR until the peak at 1720 cm-1 disappeared. Then 400 mL of water was added, and any insoluble impurities were filtered. The pH of the filtrate was adjusted to about 2 and a precipitate formed. The solid product was filtered and dried in an oven at 100 °C. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX3
[000146] This example demonstrates the production of the potassium salt of N-cyclopentyl-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000147] In a beaker, 10 g of N-cyclopentyl-terephthalamic acid was added to 50 mL of H2O. Then 2.41 g of potassium hydroxide was dissolved in a separate beaker with about 20 mL of H2O. The potassium hydroxide solution was added to the suspension of N-cyclopentyl terephthalamic acid, and most of the solid dissolved. To remove any undissolved material, the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was collected, and the water was evaporated to yield the product. The product was dried overnight in an oven at 110 °C. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX4
[000148] This example demonstrates the production of N-phenyl-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000149] In a flask with rounded base with three 1 L necks with magnetic stirrer, addition funnel, ice bath, nitrogen sweep, purifier and thermal plate, 93.13 g of aniline, 42.30 g of bicarbonate of sodium, 0.5 g of triethylamine and 300 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF) were added. The mixture was cooled to below 10°C, and then a solution of 100 g of 4-chlorocarbonyl-benzoic acid methyl ester in 100 ml of tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise. The temperature was maintained at about 10°C during the addition. After addition, the mixture was heated to reflux and monitored for completion of the reaction by IR (disappearance of the peak at 1780 cm-1). Upon completion, the reaction was diluted to 2 L with cold deionized (DI) water and stirred for approximately 20 minutes. The solid product was filtered and dried in an oven at 110°C. After drying, 105.6 g of product were obtained (82.2% yield).
[000150] In a 1 L Erlenmeyer flask with magnetic stir bar and stir plate, 15.94 g of the product made in the previous step and 200 mL of methanol were added. Then potassium hydroxide (3.87 g) which was pre-dissolved in methanol was added. The reaction was monitored by IR (disappearance of the peak at about 1720 cm-1). Upon completion, the reaction was diluted with 400 mL of water. Solid impurities were removed by filtration, and the pH of the filtration was adjusted to about 2. A product precipitated at this step and was collected by filtration. The product was washed with further DI water washing until neutral, and the product was dried in an oven at 100 °C. After drying, 14.47 g of product were obtained (95% yield). PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX5
[000151] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of N-phenyl-terephthalamic acid having the following structure.

[000152] In a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask with magnetic stir bar and stir plate, 13.3 g of N-phenyl-terephthalamic acid and 200 mL of water were added. The mixture was heated to near boiling, and then an aqueous lithium hydroxide solution (containing 1.49 g of anhydrous lithium hydroxide) was added. The reaction was monitored by IR (disappearance of the peak at 1677 cm-1). Upon completion, the reaction was cooled and filtered to collect the product. The product was dried in an oven at 110 °C and 11.56 g of product were obtained. EX6 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000153] This example demonstrates the production of 4-(4-bromo-benzoylamino)benzoic acid having the following structure

[000154] In a 1 L three-necked round-bottomed flask, 40 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid and 400 mL of dioxane were added. The mixture was stirred until the acid had dissolved. Then, 4-bromobenzoyl chloride solution (32.04 g in 100 ml dioxane) was added dropwise to the reaction. After addition, the reaction was stirred overnight, then filtered to collect the solid. The solid was washed with boiling water, then cold DI water until the pH was neutral. After drying, the product was obtained in 99.6% yield. EX7 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000155] This example demonstrates the production of the potassium salt of 4-(4-bromo-benzoylamino)benzoic acid having the following structure

[000156] In a beaker, 25 g of 4-(4-bromo-benzoylamino)benzoic acid and 200 mL of DI water were added. The mixture was stirred until a uniform suspension was formed. Then a potassium hydroxide solution (4.4 g in 100 ml water) was added. The reaction was stirred overnight, and the pH value dropped to 10.6. The solid product was filtered and dried in an oven at 110°C. EX8 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000157] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-(4-bromo-benzoylamino)benzoic acid having the following structure

[000158] In a beaker, 3 grams of 4-(4-bromo-benzoylamino)benzoic acid was dispersed in about 50 ml of water with stirring. Then, a solution of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.39 g in 50 ml of H2O) was added to the suspension. The reaction was stirred overnight, then the solid was collected by filtration. The filtrate was washed with DI water, then dried in an oven at 110°C. EX9 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000159] This example demonstrates the production of the calcium salt of 4-(4-bromo-benzoylamino)benzoic acid having the following structure

[000160] In a beaker, 3 grams of 4-(4-bromo-benzoylamino)benzoic acid was dispersed in about 50 ml of water with stirring. Then a solution of calcium hydroxide (0.35 g in 50 ml of water) was added to the suspension. The reaction was stirred over the weekend, then filtered to collect the resulting solid. The filtrate was washed with DI water, then dried in an oven at 110°C. EX10 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000161] This example demonstrates the production of 4-(cyclopropanecarbonyl-amino)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000162] In a three-necked flask, 20.3 g of sodium carbonate was dispersed in 80 mL of THF under N2. While stirring, 13.1 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid dispersion (in 15 ml of THF) and 10.0 g of cyclopropane carbonyl chloride solution (in 15 ml of THF) were added dropwise separately. The reaction was stirred overnight. Then 10.15 g of sodium carbonate was added, and the mixture was stirred for another 3 hours. Then the THF was evaporated, and the reaction mixture was transferred to a 1 L beaker and diluted with 600 mL of water. The pH was adjusted to about 2 with hydrochloric acid to form the product as a precipitate. The mixture was filtered to collect the precipitate, and the precipitate was dried in a vacuum oven. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX11
[000163] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-(cyclopropanecarbonyl-amino)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000164] In a beaker, 5 grams of 4-(cyclopropanecarbonylamino)-benzoic acid was dispersed in 20 mL of water, and then 1.13 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added. After 20 minutes of stirring, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo to obtain the product. The product was dried, and the yield was about 2.59 g. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX12
[000165] This example demonstrates the production of the sodium salt of 4-(cyclopropanecarbonyl-amino)-benzoic acid having the following structure
.
[000166] In a beaker, 20 grams of 4-(cyclopropanecarbonylamino)-benzoic acid was mixed with 80 ml of water, and then 8.58 g of sodium hydroxide solution (50% in water) was added. After stirring for 20 minutes, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo to obtain the product. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX13
[000167] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-stilbenecarboxylic acid having the following structure

[000168] In a beaker, 1 gram of 4-stilbenecarboxylic acid (a mixture of trans and cis isomers) was dispersed in 25 mL of water. Then, 0.19 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate was dissolved in 25 ml of water, and then added to the acid suspension. The reaction was stirred overnight. The solid product was collected by filtration, washed three times with water, and then dried in an oven at 110°C. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX14
[000169] This example demonstrates the production of 4-(1,3-dioxo-octahydro-isoindol-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000170] In a 500 mL four-necked flask with a rounded base equipped with a temperature probe, heating mantle, stirrer and condenser, 21.20 g of hexahydrophthalic anhydride and 50 mL of acetic acid were charged. At 70°C, the mixture was stirred until uniform, then 21.7 g of 4-aminosalicylic acid and 100 ml of acetic acid were charged. After heating at reflux for 6 hours, the contents were poured into ice-cold DI H2O and vacuum filtered to collect the solid. After washing with DI H2O and drying, 33.07 g of product were obtained. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX15
[000171] This example demonstrates the production of the zinc salt of 4-(1,3-dioxo-octahydro-isoindol-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000172] In a beaker, 4-(1,3-dioxo-octahydro-isoindol-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid is suspended in about 100-150 mL of water with a magnetic stirrer. Then a 25% solution of sodium hydroxide was added slowly until the pH stabilized at 12.5, and the solution was clear. Then an equivalent of zinc chloride was added (used 1eq instead of 0.5, because metal ions can also coordinate with the meta hydroxy group). The products precipitated, and the mixture was filtered to collect the product. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX16
[000173] This example demonstrates the production of 4-(2,2-dimethyl-propionylamino)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000174] In a flask with rounded base with three necks with suspended stirring, temperature probe, dry ice bath and reflux condenser, 25 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid, 15.12 g of soda ash and 200 mL of THF were added. Under stirring, 21.98 g of pivaloyl chloride was added dropwise over 1-1.5 hour. Then 22.68 g of soda ash was added, and the mixture was heated to 40 °C to bring the reaction to completion. The resulting mixture was diluted with 2 L of DI H2O. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 2.37 with concentrated hydrochloric acid, and then the mixture was filtered to collect the product. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX17
[000175] This example demonstrates the production of the potassium salt of 4-(2,2-dimethyl-propionylamino)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000176] In a beaker, 4-(2,2-dimethyl-propionylamino)-benzoic acid was suspended in about 100-150 mL of water with a magnetic stirrer. Then a 25% solution of potassium hydroxide was added slowly until the pH stabilized at 12.5, and the solution was clear. Water was extracted, and the product was obtained. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX18
[000177] This example demonstrates the production of the calcium salt of 4-(2,2-dimethyl-propionylamino)-benzoic acid having the following structure.

[000178] In a beaker, 4-(2,2-Dimethyl-propionylamino)-benzoic acid was suspended in about 100-150 mL of water with a magnetic stirrer. Then a 25% solution of potassium hydroxide was added slowly until the pH stabilized at 12.5, and the solution was clear. Then an equivalent of calcium chloride was added. The product precipitated, and the mixture was filtered to collect the product. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX19
[000179] This example demonstrates the production of N-4-methoxybenzoyl aminosalicylic acid having the following structure

[000180] A three-necked round-bottomed flask was equipped with suspended stirring, temperature probe, dry ice bath and reflux condenser. Then 12.36 g of 4-aminosalicylic acid, 16.75 g of soda ash and 500 ml of tetrahydrofuran were charged into the flask. The mixture was cooled to below 10°C, and then 14.85 g of 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride was added dropwise over 1 -1.5 hour. The resulting mixture was diluted with 2 L of water and filtered to collect the product. EX20 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000181] This example demonstrates the production of N-4-methoxybenzoyl aminosalicylic acid having the following structure

[000182] In a beaker, N-4-methoxybenzoylaminosalicylic acid was suspended in about 100-150 mL of water with a magnetic stirrer. Then a 25% solution of potassium hydroxide was added slowly until the pH stabilized at 12.5, and the solution was clear. Water was extracted, and the product was obtained. EX21 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000183] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of N-4-methoxybenzoyl aminosalicylic acid having the following structure

[000184] In a beaker, N-4-methoxybenzoylaminosalicylic acid was suspended in about 100-150 mL of water with a magnetic stirrer. Then a 25% solution of lithium hydroxide was added slowly until the pH stabilized at 12.5, and the solution was clear. Water was extracted, and the product was obtained. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX22
[000185] This example demonstrates the production of the sodium salt of N-4-methoxybenzoyl aminosalicylic acid having the following structure
.
[000186] In a beaker, N-4-methoxybenzoylaminosalicylic acid was suspended in about 100-150 mL of water with a magnetic stirrer. Then a 25% solution of sodium hydroxide was added slowly until the pH stabilized at 12.5, and the solution was clear. Water was extracted, and the product was obtained. EX23 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000187] This example demonstrates the production of 4-(cyclobutanecarbonyl-amino)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000188] In a flask, 20.3 g of sodium carbonate, 6.3 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid and 80 mL of THF were added. Then 5 g of cyclobutanecarbonyl chloride (diluted in 15 ml of THF) was added. The reaction was stirred under nitrogen over the weekend, and the THF evaporated. The mixture was transferred to a 1 L beaker and dissolved with 400 mL of water. The solution was acidified with hydrochloric acid until the pH was about 2, and the product precipitated out. The product was collected by filtration, then washed with water and dried. EX24 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000189] This example demonstrates the production of the potassium salt of 4-(cyclobutanecarbonyl-amino)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000190] In a beaker, 4-(Cyclobutanecarbonyl-amino)-benzoic acid was suspended in about 100-150 mL of water with a magnetic stir bar. Then a 25% solution of sodium hydroxide was added to raise the pH of the solution to about 12.5. A clear solution was obtained, and then water was extracted to collect the product as a powder. EX25 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000191] This example demonstrates the production of 4-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000192] In a 500 mL four-necked flask with round base equipped with a temperature probe, heating mantle, stirrer and condenser, 25.03 g of phthalic anhydride and 87 mL of acetic acid were charged. At 70 °C, the reaction was stirred until a clear solution was obtained. Then 24.37 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid was charged, and the mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hours. Then an additional 50 mL of acetic acid was added. The contents were poured into H2O DI. The product was collected by filtration, then washed with DI H2O. After drying, 43.345 g of product were obtained (96% yield). PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX26
[000193] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000194] In a 1000 mL beaker equipped with a stirrer, 5.03 g of 4-(1,3-Dioxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-benzoic acid and 100 mL of H2O DI have been loaded. Lithium hydroxide was charged into the beaker, and the mixture stirred until all the acid was in solution. If the acid was not completely dissolved, lithium hydroxide in 0.1 g increments was added until the acid was completely dissolved. Rotary evaporation was used to recover the product. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX27
[000195] This example demonstrates the production of 4-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-benzoic acid sodium salt having the following Structure
.
[000196] In a 1000 mL beaker equipped with an overhead stirrer, 4-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl)-benzoic acid and 100 mL DI H2O were added. The solution was stirred, and a 25% solution of sodium hydroxide was added slowly until all the acid was in solution. Water was removed by rotary evaporation to recover the product. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX28
[000197] This example demonstrates the production of N-cyclobutyl-terephthalamic acid methyl ester having the following structure

[000198] In a flask with a rounded base with three necks, 14.8 g of sodium carbonate and 50 mL of tetrahydrofuran were added. 5 g of cyclobutylamine was then added. Then 11.59 g of carbonyl chloride 4-methylbenzoate (diluted in 30 ml of tetrahydrofuran) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then transferred to a beaker and mixed with 200 ml of water. The mixture was acidified with 1M hydrochloric acid. Then the mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and extracted with ethyl acetate three times (80ml each). The organic phase was concentrated to collect the product.
[000199] The product obtained in the previous step was mixed with 200 ml of water, and then heated to 80 °C. A 50% solution of sodium hydroxide was added during the heating course to maintain the pH above 12. After 4 hours, the reaction was acidified to a pH of about 2, and the product precipitated. The product was filtered off. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX29
[000200] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of N-cyclobutyl terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000201] In a beaker, 300 mg of N-cyclobutyl-terephthalamic acid were dispersed in about 40 mL of water. Lithium hydroxide was added slowly until the pH was approximately 12. Then the solution was concentrated to obtain the desired product. EX30 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000202] This example demonstrates the production of N-cyclopropyl terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000203] In a flask, 9.3 g of sodium carbonate, 5 g of cyclopropylamine, and 80 mL of tetrahydrofuran were added. Then, 16.43 g of 4-chlorocarbonyl-benzoic acid methyl ester was diluted in 30 ml of THF, and then added dropwise to the reaction. The reaction was stirred overnight. The product was mixed with 400 ml of water. The product was collected and dried, about 18 grams were obtained.
[000204] In a flask, 18 g of the product obtained in the previous step were mixed with 200 mL of water, and then heated to 80 °C. A 50% solution of sodium hydroxide was added during the heating course to maintain the pH above 12. After 4 hours, the reaction was acidified to a pH of about 2, and the product precipitated. The solution was filtered to obtain the product. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX31
[000205] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of N-cyclopropyl terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000206] In a beaker, 2.46 g of wet N-cyclopropyl terephthalamic acid was mixed with 100 mL of water, and then lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added until the pH was 12. The reaction was stirred for 20 minutes and concentrated to produce the product. EX32 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000207] This example demonstrates the production of the calcium salt of N-cyclopropyl terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000208] In a beaker, 2.51 g of N-Cyclopropyl terephthalamic acid was mixed with 50 ml of water. Then a 50% solution of sodium hydroxide was added until the pH was 12. The reaction was stirred for 20 minutes. Then 3.52 g of calcium chloride dihydrate was added to the solution to form the product. The product was collected by filtration and dried in an oven. EX33 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000209] This example demonstrates the production of the zinc salt of N-cyclobutyl terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000210] In a beaker, 2.51 g of N-cyclopropyl terephthalamic acid was mixed with 50 ml of water. Then a 50% solution of sodium hydroxide was added until the pH was 12. The reaction was stirred for 20 minutes. Then 3.27 g of zinc chloride was added to the solution to form the product. The product was collected by filtration and dried in an oven. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX34
[000211] This example demonstrates the production of 4-(4-methoxybenzoylamino)benzoic acid having the following structure

[000212] In a 1 L three-neck flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, temperature probe, dry ice bath and a reflux condenser, 25 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid, 45.39 g of soda ash and 200 mL of tetrahydrofuran were added. With stirring, 31.10 g of 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride was added dropwise over a period of 1-1.5 hour. The temperature was kept below 10°C during the addition. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was diluted with 2 L of water. The pH was lowered to about 2 with hydrochloric acid to precipitate the product. The product was collected by filtration and dried in an oven. EX35 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000213] This example demonstrates the production of the sodium salt of 4-(4-methoxy-benzoylamino)benzoic acid having the following structure

[000214] In a beaker, 24 g of 4-(4-methoxybenzoylamino)benzoic acid was mixed with 200 mL of water. Then a 50% solution of sodium hydroxide was added slowly until a stable pH value of 12 was obtained. The solution was concentrated in vacuo to furnish the sodium salt of 4-(4-methoxy-benzoylamino)benzoic acid. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX36
[000215] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-(4-methoxy-benzoylamino)benzoic acid having the following structure

[000216] In a beaker, 6 g of 4-(4-methoxybenzoylamino)benzoic acid was mixed with 100 mL of water and lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added slowly until the pH stabilized at 12. The reaction was stirred for 20 minutes, then concentrated in vacuo to furnish the product. EX37 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000217] This example demonstrates the production of N-cycloeptyl-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000218] A 1 L round-bottomed flask was charged with 9.3 g of sodium bicarbonate, 5 g of cycloepylamine and 80 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF). The bottle was cooled with an ice bath. Then, a solution of 4-chlorocarbonyl-benzoic acid methyl ester (8.32 g in about 30 mL of THF) was added dropwise to the flask. After addition, the reaction was heated to reflux. The reaction was monitored with IR until the peak at 1780 cm-1 disappeared. Then, the mixture was poured into about 400 ml of water and stirred for about 20 minutes. The product was collected by filtration and dried in an oven at 100 °C.
[000219] In a flask, 9.1 g of the product from the previous step were mixed with 200 mL of water. A 50% solution of NaOH was added until the pH was about 12. The reaction was heated to 80 °C, stirred for 4 hours, and the pH was maintained at 12 during the reaction. After thin layer chromatography showed completion of the reaction, the pH was adjusted to 2 to precipitate the product. The product was filtered and washed. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX38
[000220] This example demonstrates the production of the sodium salt of N-cycloepyl-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000221] In a flask, 8.8 g of N-Cycloeptyl-terephthalamic acid was mixed with 200 mL of water and a 50% solution of sodium hydroxide was added slowly until the pH stabilized at 12. For another 20 minutes , the solution was stirred, then concentrated in vacuo to yield the product. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX39
[000222] This example demonstrates the production of 4-(1,3-Dioxo-1H,3H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000223] In a 500 mL four-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a temperature probe, heating mantle, stirrer and condenser, 17.95 g of naphthalic anhydride and 87 mL of acetic acid were charged. The mixture was heated to 70°C and stirred until a clear solution was obtained. The solution turned a light amber color. Then 14.58 g of 4-aminosalicylic acid was added to the solution. After heating at reflux for 6 hours, the reaction mixture was poured into water. The product was collected by filtration, then washed with water. After drying, 22.18 g of product was obtained as a brown powder. EX40 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000224] This example demonstrates the production of the sodium salt of 4-(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000225] In a beaker, 4-(1,3-Dioxo-1H,3H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid was mixed with 200 mL of water. Then a 50% solution of sodium hydroxide was added slowly until a stable pH value of 12 was obtained. The solution was concentrated in vacuo to yield 4-(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid sodium salt. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX41
[000226] This example demonstrates the production of the potassium salt of 4-(1,3-Dioxo-1H,3H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000227] In a beaker, 4-(1,3-Dioxo-1H,3H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid was mixed with 200 mL of water. Then potassium hydroxide was added slowly until a stable pH value of 12 was obtained. The solution was concentrated in vacuo providing the potassium salt of 4-(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX42
[000228] This example demonstrates the production of N-(3,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000229] The product was prepared in a manner similar to that used in PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX37 using 3,4-dimethyl aniline in place of cycloeptylamine. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX43
[000230] This example demonstrates the production of the potassium salt of N-(3,4-Dimethyl-phenyl)-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000231] In a beaker, N-(3,4-Dimethyl-phenyl)-terephthalamic acid was mixed with 200 mL of water. Then potassium hydroxide was added slowly until a stable pH of 12 and a clear solution had been obtained. The solution was concentrated in vacuo, providing the desired product. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX44
[000232] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of N-(3,4-Dimethyl-phenyl)-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000233] In a beaker, N-(3,4-Dimethyl-phenyl)-terephthalamic acid was mixed with 200 mL of water. Then lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added slowly until a stable pH value of 12 was obtained. The solution was concentrated in vacuo, providing the desired product. EX45 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000234] This example demonstrates the production of 4-benzoylamino benzoic acid having the following structure

[000235] In a 1 L beaker with mechanical stirring, 27.4 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid (0.2 mol) were mixed in 300 mL of DI H2O. Then 21.2 g (0.2 mol) of sodium carbonate was added until the pH value became 9.1 and all the 4-amino benzoic acid had dissolved in the water.
[000236] Then 56.24 g (0.4 mol) of benzoyl chloride were added dropwise to the beaker at room temperature. The reaction was stirred overnight. A solid formed during the reaction, and the pH stabilized at 4.0. The pH was also lowered to about 2 with hydrochloric acid. The product was collected by filtration and washed with hot water to remove excess benzoic acid. The solid product was dried in an oven at 110°C and 44.21 g of the product were obtained (96.7%) yield. EX46 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000237] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-benzoylamino benzoic acid having the following structure
.
[000238] In a 500 ml beaker, 44.21 g of 4-benzoamidobenzoic acid was mixed with about 250 ml of water. Then 7.69 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (dissolved in about 100 ml of water) was added. The reaction was stirred overnight, and the pH value became neutral. The solid product was collected by filtration and dried in an oven at 110°C, 39.7 g of material were obtained (88% yield). EXAMPLE PREPARATION 47
[000239] This example demonstrates the production of the magnesium salt of 4-benzoylamino benzoic acid having the following structure

[000240] In a 500 ml beaker, 30 g of 4-benzoamidobenzoic acid was mixed with about 250 ml of water. Then 6.98 g of potassium hydroxide (dissolved in about 50 ml of water) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight. All solids dissolved, and the pH value became neutral. Then 25.3 g of magnesium chloride hexahydrate in about 100 ml of water was added. The product precipitated immediately. The mixture was stirred an additional hour after addition, then filtered to collect the product. The product was washed with DI water and dried in an oven at 110 °C. EX48 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000241] This example demonstrates the production of 4-N-cyclohexyl-amidobenzoic acid having the following structure

[000242] In a 2 L round-bottomed flask equipped with an ice bath, 3.83 g of sodium bicarbonate, 4.53 g of cyclohexylamine, 0.5 g of triethylamine and 200 mL of tetrahydrofuran were added . Then 9.06 g of 4-carbomethoxybenzoyl chloride (dissolved in 9.70 g of tetrahydrofuran) was added dropwise over one hour to the flask. After addition, the reaction was gently heated to reflux. IR was monitored for completion of the reaction (the disappearance of the peak at 1780 cm-1). Upon completion, the reaction was diluted with 2 L of H2O, stirred 20-30 min, and then filtered to collect the solid as the product. The product was dried in an oven at 110 °C; 11.31 g of product were obtained.
[000243] In a flask with a rounded base with three necks of 2 L, 11.31 g of the product made in the previous step and 150 mL of methanol were added. Then 2.72 g of potassium hydroxide (dissolved in methanol) was added dropwise to the flask. After the addition was complete, the reaction was heated to reflux. IR was monitored for completion of the reaction (the disappearance of the peak at 1720 cm-1). After the reaction, 750 ml of water was added and filtered to remove any insoluble impurities. The pH of the filtrate was adjusted to about 2 with hydrochloric acid to precipitate the product. The mixture was filtered to collect the product, and the product was washed with DI water. The product was dried in an oven at 110 °C. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX49
[000244] This example demonstrates the production of the potassium salt of 4-N-cyclohexyl-amidobenzoic acid having the following structure

[000245] In a beaker, 6 g of 4-N-cyclohexyl-amidobenzoic acid was dispersed in 50 mL of H2O. Then, 1.36 g of potassium hydroxide was dissolved in another beaker with about 20 ml of H2O, and then added to the suspension. Most of the material dissolved, and the residual insoluble solid was removed by filtration. H2O was extracted from the filtrate to collect the product. The product was dried overnight in an oven at 110 °C. EX50 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000246] This example demonstrates the production of the aluminum salt of 4-N-cyclohexyl-amidobenzoic acid having the following structure

[000247] 1 gram of the potassium salt of 4-N-cyclohexyl-amidobenzoic acid was dissolved in a beaker with about 25 ml of H2O. In another beaker, 0.78 g of aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate was dissolved with about 15 mL of H2O. The two solutions were mixed and a precipitate formed immediately. The solid was collected by suction filtration and dried overnight in an oven at 110 °C. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX51
[000248] This example demonstrates the production of 4-(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000249] In a flask with rounded base with four necks of 1 L equipped with a temperature probe, heating mantle, stirrer and condenser, 25 g of naphthalic anhydride and 80 mL of acetic acid were charged. After formation of a dark reddish orange solution, 17.31 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid was added, and the reaction was heated overnight at reflux. The reaction mixture was poured in excess amount of DI water to precipitate the product. The product was collected by filtration, washed with more DI water, and then dried in an oven. EX52 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000250] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000251] Into a 1000 mL beaker equipped with an overhead stirrer, 5.09 g of 4-(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl)-benzoic acid and 100 were charged. mL of DI H2O. The reaction was stirred, and the pH was adjusted with lithium hydroxide until all the acid was in solution. Water was removed by rotary evaporation. 5.231g of the product were obtained. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX53
[000252] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of N-benzyl-terephthalamic acid having the following structure
.
[000253] In a three-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a condenser and addition funnel, 6.345 g of sodium bicarbonate, 8.09 g of benzylamine, 0.5 g of triethylamine and 350 ml of tetrahydrofuran were added. The mixing temperature was cooled to below 10°C. Then 15 g of carbomethoxybenzoyl chloride (dissolved in about 150 ml of tetrahydrofuran) was added dropwise over one hour. After addition, the mixture was gently heated to reflux. The reaction was monitored to completion with IR (peak disappearance at 1780cm-1). On completion, the mixture was diluted with about 2L of DI water and stirred for 20-30 min. The product was collected by filtration and dried in an oven at 100°C. 18.68 grams of material were obtained (yield 91.84%)
[000254] In a 2 L beaker, 2.12 g of the product from the previous step and 300 mL of DI water were added. Then 1.89 g of a 10% solution of lithium hydroxide was added and stirred until the reaction was complete (disappearance of peak at 1720 cm-1 in IR). Then, all water was removed by rotary evaporation to collect the product; 1.94 g of the product was obtained (yield 94.37%). PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX54
[000255] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of N-pyridin-2-yl-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000256] In a flask with a rounded base with three necks of 250 mL equipped with suspended stirring, temperature probe, ice bath and reflux condenser, 4.71 g of 3-aminopyridine, 4.2 g of sodium bicarbonate, about 0.1 g of triethylamine and 50 ml of tetrahydrofuran were added. The temperature was cooled to below 10°C, and then 9.9 grams of carbomethoxybenzoyl chloride (a solution in 20 ml of tetrahydrofuran) was added dropwise over 1-1.5 hour. The reaction was stirred overnight, then heated to reflux for about 2 hours. Then 500 ml of DI water was used to dilute the reaction, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 20-30 minutes. The solid product was collected by filtration and dried in an oven at 110 °C.
[000257] In a 250 ml beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar, 2.56 g of the product made in the previous step, 0.42 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate and 50 ml of DI water were added. The beaker was heated to 90°C until the pH was below 10. The solid product was collected by filtration and all water was removed by evaporation. EX55 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000258] This example demonstrates the production of N-(2-chloro-phenyl)-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000259] In a 2 L round-bottomed flask, 6.34 g of sodium bicarbonate, 9.63 g of 2-chloroaniline, 0.5 g of triethylamine and 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran were added. After the reaction was cooled with an ice bath, 15 g of carbomethoxybenzoyl chloride (dissolved in about 100 mL of THF) was added dropwise to the flask. After addition, the reaction was heated to reflux. IR was monitored for completion (the disappearance of the peak at 1780 cm-1). Upon completion, the solution was diluted with 2 L of DI H2O and stirred 20-30 min. The solid product was collected by filtration and dried in an oven at 110 °C.
[000260] In a flask with a rounded base with three necks of 2 L, 20.12 g of the product from the previous step and 150 mL of methanol were added. The reaction was heated to reflux. On starting heating, 3.90 g of potassium (dissolved in methanol) was added dropwise to the reaction. IR was monitored for completion (the disappearance of the peak at 1720 cm-1). Upon completion, the solution was diluted with excess H2O. Filtration was used to remove any residual solid, and then HCl was added to the filtrate until the pH value was about 2. The product precipitated in this step was collected by filtration, and then dried in an oven at 110 °C. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX56
[000261] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of N-(2-chloro-phenyl)-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000262] In a beaker, 1 gram of N-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-terephthalamic acid was suspended in about 20 ml of water, and then 0.1527 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added. The reaction was stirred until the pH dropped to below 10. The solid product was collected by filtration. EX57 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000263] This example demonstrates the production of the potassium salt of N-(2-chloro-phenyl)-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000264] In a beaker, 12 grams of N-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-terephthalamic acid was suspended in about 200 mL of water, and then 2.448 g of potassium hydroxide was added. The reaction was stirred until the pH dropped to below 10. The product was collected after rotary evaporation to remove excess water. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX58
[000265] This example demonstrates the production of N-(3,5-dicyano-4-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000266] In a flask with rounded base with three necks equipped with suspended stirring, temperature probe, dry ice bath and reflux condenser, 12.32 g of 5-amino-3-methylthiophene-2,4-dicarbonitrile, 6 .27 g of soda ash and 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran were added. The temperature was lowered to below 10°C, and then 30 grams of a solution of carbomethoxybenzoyl chloride (50% solution in tetrahydrofuran) was added dropwise over 1-1.5 hour. After addition, the mixture was heated to about 40°C until the reaction was complete (monitored by IR, peak at 1780 cm-1 disappeared). Then, the reaction was diluted with about 2 L of DI water and filtered to collect the product.
[000267] In a 32 oz jar equipped with a magnetic stir bar, 17.4 g of the product made in the previous step was dissolved in 300 mL of methanol. And then 30.05 g of a potassium hydroxide solution (10% in methanol) was added. The reaction was monitored by IR. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was diluted with 1 liter of water. The mixture was filtered to remove any insoluble impurities, and the filtrate was acidified with hydrochloric acid until the pH was about 2. The product precipitated out in this step. The mixture was filtered to collect the product. The product is washed with DI water and dried. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX59
[000268] This example demonstrates the production of the sodium salt of N-(3,5-dicyano-4-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000269] In a beaker, N-(3,5-Dicyano-4-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-terephthalamic acid was mixed with 200 mL of water. Then a 25% solution of sodium hydroxide was added slowly until a stable pH value of 12 was obtained. The solution was concentrated in vacuo, providing the desired product. EX60 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000270] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of N-(3,5-dicyano-4-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000271] In a beaker, N-(3,5-Dicyano-4-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-terephthalamic acid was mixed with 200 mL of water. Then lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added slowly until a stable pH value of 12 was obtained. The solution was concentrated in vacuo, providing the desired product. EX61 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000272] This example demonstrates the production of the zinc salt of N-(3,5-dicyano-4-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000273] In a beaker, N-(3,5-Dicyano-4-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-terephthalamic acid was mixed with 200 mL of water. Then a 25% solution of potassium hydroxide was added slowly until a stable pH value of 12 was obtained. One equivalent of zinc chloride (dissolved in water) was then added to the solution, and the product precipitated. The product was collected by filtration and washed with DI water. EX62 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000274] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of N-Pyridin-3-yl-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000275] In a 250 mL three-neck flask equipped with suspended stirring, temperature probe, ice bath and reflux condenser, 4.71 g of 3-aminopyridine, 4.2 g of sodium bicarbonate, about 0 0.1 g of triethylamine and 50 ml of tetrahydrofuran were added. The temperature was lowered to below 10°C, and then 9.9 grams of carbomethoxybenzoyl chloride (a solution in 20 ml of tetrahydrofuran) was added dropwise over 11.5 hours. The reaction was stirred overnight, then heated to reflux for about 2 hours. Then, the reaction was diluted with about 500 mL of DI water and stirred for 20-30 minutes. The solid product was collected by filtration and dried in an oven at 110 °C.
[000276] In a 250 ml beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar, 2.56 g of the product made in the previous step, 0.42 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate and 75 ml of DI water were added. The beaker was heated to 90°C until the pH was below 10. All solid was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was collected. The product was collected after excess water was removed by evaporation. EX63 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000277] This example demonstrates the production of N-(2-Methoxy-phenyl)-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000278] In a three-neck flask equipped with suspended stirring, temperature probe, dry ice bath and reflux condenser, 7.44 g of o-anisidine, 5.01 g of soda ash and 200 mL of tetrahydrofuran were added . The temperature was lowered to below 10°C, and then 25 grams of a carbomethoxybenzoyl chloride solution (48% in tetrahydrofuran) was added dropwise over 1-1.5 hour. After addition, the reaction was heated to about 40 °C until the reaction was complete (monitored by IR, the peak at 1780 cm-1 disappeared). Then, the mixture was diluted with about 2 L of DI water, and the product was collected by filtration.
[000279] In a 32 oz jar equipped with a magnetic stir bar, 13.95 g of the product made in the previous step was dissolved in 300 mL of methanol. Then 27.5 g of potassium hydroxide solution (10% in methanol) was added. The reaction was monitored by IR. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was diluted with about 1 L of water. Insoluble impurities were removed by filtration. The filtrate was acidified with hydrochloric acid until the pH was about 2. The product precipitated in this step. The product was collected by filtration, washed with DI water and dried. EX64 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000280] This example demonstrates the production of the potassium salt of N-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000281] In a beaker, N-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-terephthalamic acid was mixed with 200 mL of water. Then a 25% solution of potassium hydroxide was added slowly until a stable pH value of 12 was obtained. The solution was concentrated in vacuo to yield the desired product. EX65 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000282] This example demonstrates the production of the magnesium salt of 4-N-phenyl-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000283] In a 250 mL beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar and stir plate, 10 g of 4-N-phenylamidobenzoic acid and 50 mL of water were added. The reaction was heated to near boiling and 1.5 g of magnesium oxide was added. IR was used to monitor the reaction to completion, and the product was collected by filtration. EX66 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000284] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)amidobenzoic acid having the following structure

[000285] In a flask with a rounded base with three 1 L necks, equipped with magnetic stirring, addition funnel, ice bath, nitrogen inlet and a thermal plate, 12.48 g of 3,4-dichloroaniline, 6, 34 g of sodium bicarbonate, 0.5 g of triethylamine and 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran were added. The temperature was lowered to below 10°C, and then 15 grams of carbomethoxybenzoyl chloride (a solution in 100 ml of tetrahydrofuran) was added dropwise over 1-1.5 hour. After addition, the reaction was heated to about 40 °C until the reaction was complete (monitored by IR, the peak at 1780 cm-1 disappeared). Then, the reaction was diluted with about 2 L of DI water, and the product was collected by filtration. 23.87 g of product were obtained (yield: 97.5%).
[000286] In a 250 mL beaker, 3 g of the product from the previous step were mixed with 50 mL of water. The mixture was heated to near boiling, and 2.22 grams of a 10% solution of lithium hydroxide was added. The reaction was monitored to completion by IR. The reaction mixture was evaporated to near dryness, and the product was collected by filtration. 1.92 g of the product was obtained (yield 65.6%). EX67 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000287] This example demonstrates the production of the calcium salt of 4-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amidobenzoic acid having the following structure

[000288] In a 1 L three-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, addition funnel, ice bath, nitrogen sweep, scrubber and thermal plate, 14.73 g of 2,6-diisopropylaniline, 6 3.34 g of sodium bicarbonate, 0.5 g of triethylamine and 200 ml of tetrahydrofuran were charged. The mixture was cooled to below 10°C, and then 15 g of carbomethoxybenzoyl chloride (dissolved in 100 ml of tetrahydrofuran) was added dropwise over 1-1.5 hour. After addition, the reaction was slowly heated to reflux. After the reaction was complete (disappearance of peak at 1780 cm-1 in IR), it was diluted with cold DI water and stirred for 20-30 minutes. The product was collected by filtration and dried in an oven at 110 °C.
[000289] In a 600 mL beaker, 13.79 grams of the product from the previous step were mixed in 200 mL of water. The mixture was heated to near boiling, and 22.8 grams of a 10% potassium hydroxide solution was added. After completion of the reaction was monitored by IR, 6.72 g of calcium chloride dihydrate (dissolved to form 10% solution) was added. The product precipitated and was collected by filtration. EX68 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000290] This example demonstrates the production of 4-benzoylamino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000291] In a three-neck flask equipped with suspended stirring, temperature probe, dry ice bath and a reflux condenser, 25 g of 4-aminosalicyclic acid, 5.01 g of soda ash and 200 mL of tetrahydrofuran were added and agitated. The temperature was lowered to below 10°C, and 7.32 g of benzoyl chloride was added dropwise over 1-1.5 hour. After addition, the vial was gently warmed to 40°C. After completion of the reaction (monitored by IR when the peak at 1780 cm-1 disappears), the reaction mixture was diluted with 300 mL of water. The organic layer was separated. After drying the solvent, about 16 grams of product were obtained. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX69
[000292] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-benzoylamino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000293] In a beaker, 3 grams of 4-Benzoylamino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid was mixed with 20 mL of water. Then 1.05 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added. The mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, then the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to provide the desired lithium salt. EX70 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000294] This example demonstrates the production of the calcium salt of 4-benzoylamino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000295] In a beaker, 3 grams of 4-Benzoylamino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid was mixed with 20 mL of water. Then 2.51 g of a 50% solution of sodium hydroxide was added. After the solution became clear, a solution containing 3.53 g of calcium chloride dehydrate was added. The product precipitated and was collected by filtration. EX71 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000296] This example demonstrates the production of 4-[(biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000297] In a 5-L three-necked round-bottomed flask, 316.5 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid was dissolved in about 3 L of dioxane. Then 250 grams of biphenyl-4-carbonyl chloride (dissolved in about 150 ml of dioxane) was added dropwise over 1 hour. The reaction was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the solid. The solid was washed with boiling DI water, then cold DI water until the pH of the water was nearly neutral. The washed solid was then dried in a vacuum oven. EX72 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000298] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-[(biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000299] In a beaker, 364.62 g of 4-[(biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-benzoic acid was suspended in about 3 L of water. Then, a solution of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (41.96 g in about 500 ml of water) was added to the suspension. The reaction was stirred overnight, and the pH value became 7.5. The solid product was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried in an oven at 110 °C. 334.7 g of product were obtained (90% yield). EX73 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000300] This example demonstrates the production of 4-(benzylidene-amino)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000301] In a 500 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask, equipped with a condenser, heating mantle, magnetic stirring and two buffers, 10 grams of 4-aminobenzoic acid, 7.75 g of benzaldehyde and 200 mL of ethanol have been added. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 6 hours. The product crystallized out of solution after the solution was cooled to room temperature. The product was collected by filtration. Additional product was recovered by concentrating the filtrate. 15.41 g of the product were obtained (yield: 94%). EX74 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000302] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-(benzylidene-amino)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000303] In a 2 L beaker, 15.41 of 4-(benzylidene-amino)-benzoic acid was dissolved in 200 ml of water. The mixture was gently heated and stirred on a thermal plate until a clear solution was obtained. Then 2.85 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added slowly. The solution became slightly cloudy. After completion of the reaction, it was cooled, and the water was evaporated. A yellow solid was collected. The product was washed with acetone, and then dried in an oven at 110 °C. EX75 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000304] This example demonstrates the production of 4-chlorophenylamido-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000305] In a 5 L flask, 274.3 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid (2 mol) and 2800 mL of acetone were added. The reaction was stirred until a uniform suspension formed. Then, 175 g of 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride was added dropwise to the 5 L flask, while the contents were being stirred. The reaction was stirred overnight, then filtered to collect the solid. The product was rinsed with about 500 ml of acetone, then three times with water (500 ml each time). After washing, the solid was moved to a 4 L beaker and suspended in about 2 L of boiling water for one hour. The solid product was collected by filtration and washed with more boiling water until the water turned colorless. EX76 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000306] This example demonstrates the production of the sodium salt of 4-chlorophenylamido-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000307] In a 2 L beaker, equipped with a mechanical stirrer, 400 mL of water and 27.5 g of 4-chlorophenylamido-benzoic acid were added. In another beaker, 8.4 grams of NaOH (50% solution) were diluted in 100 mL of water. The NaOH solution was added to the suspension of 4-chlorophenylamido-benzoic acid, and the mixture was stirred overnight. The product was collected by filtration. The product was washed with DI water until the pH of the water was below 10, and the product was then dried in an oven at 110°C. EX77 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000308] This example demonstrates the production of 4-(4-fluoro-benzoylamino)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000309] In a 4 L beaker, 21.27 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid and 1 L of H2O DI were added. Then 33.38 g of sodium carbonate was added. Then 100 g of 4-fluorobenzoyl chloride was added dropwise to the flask (over about 45 min - 1h), and the reaction was stirred overnight. The solid product was collected by vacuum filtration and washed with boiling water to remove excess 4-fluorobenzoic acid. The product was dried overnight in a vacuum oven. 59.08 g of product were obtained. EX78 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000310] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-(4-fluoro-benzoylamino)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000311] In a beaker, 10 grams of 4-(4-fluoro-benzoylamino)benzoic acid was suspended in 100 mL of DI water. Then, 1.62 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate was dissolved first in 25 ml of DI water, and then added to the acid suspension. The reaction was stirred overnight, and the product was collected by evaporation of water. EX79 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000312] This example demonstrates the production of 4-benzoylamino-2,3,4,5-tetrafluoro-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000313] In a 250 mL flask equipped with a stirrer, 3.37 g of 4-amino-2,3,4,5-tetrafluroro benzoic acid, 1.06 g of sodium carbonate and 20 mL of water were added . Then, 6.8 g of 4-benzoyl chloride was added dropwise to the flask (over about 45 min - 1h). The pH was recorded below 1 the next morning. The solid product was collected by filtration, washed with DI water 5 times, and then dried in an oven at 110°C. EX80 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000314] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-(4-fluoro-benzoylamino)-benzoic acid having the following structure

[000315] In a 250 mL beaker, 2 grams of 4-Benzoylamino-2,3,4,5-tetrafluoro-benzoic acid and 20 mL of DI water were added. Then 0.27 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate was dissolved first in 10 ml of DI water, and then added to the acid suspension. The reaction was stirred overnight, and the product was collected by evaporation of water. EX81 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000316] This example demonstrates the production of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid tris-(4-carboxybenzene)amide having the following structure

[000317] In a flask with a rounded base with three necks, 21.2 g of sodium carbonate and 100 mL of tetrahydrofuran were added. Then 13.75 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid and 8 g of 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride were each separately diluted in 15 ml of THF and added simultaneously in the reaction via two addition funnels. The reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. About 80 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added to compensate for evaporation during the reactions and an additional 10.6 grams of sodium carbonate was added. Three hours later, the reaction was transferred to a 1 L beaker with 600 mL of water. The pH was adjusted to about 2 with hydrochloric acid. The product precipitated and was collected by filtration. The product was then partially dried in a vacuum oven at 40°C. About 35 grams of wet product were obtained. PREPARATION EXAMPLE EX82
[000318] This example demonstrates the production of the sodium salt of tris-(4-carboxybenzene)amide of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid having the following structure

[000319] In a beaker, 32 grams of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid tris-(4-carboxybenzene)amide was mixed with 200 mL of water. Then, a 50% solution of sodium hydroxide was added slowly to the mixture until the pH was 12. The mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, and then concentrated in vacuo to yield the product. EX83 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000320] This example demonstrates the production of bis-(4-carboxybenzene)amide of biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid having the following structure

[000321] In a flask with a rounded base with three necks, 5.67 g of sodium carbonate and about 40 mL of tetrahydrofuran were added. Then, 4.9 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid and 5.0 g of 4,4'-biphenyldicarbonyl chloride were each separately diluted in 15 ml of THF, and then added simultaneously to the reaction by means of two funnels. addition. The reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. Then, the reaction was transferred to a 1 L beaker with 600 mL of water. The pH was adjusted to about 2 with hydrochloric acid. The product precipitated and was collected by filtration. The product was dried in a vacuum oven at 50°C. EX84 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000322] This example demonstrates the production of bis-(4-carboxybenzene)amide sodium salt of biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid having the following structure

[000323] In a beaker, 12 grams of biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid bis-(4-carboxybenzene)amide was mixed with 100 mL of water, followed by a 50% solution of sodium hydroxide was added slowly to the mixture until the pH was 12.5. The mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, then concentrated in vacuo to yield the product. EX85 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000324] This example demonstrates the production of 4-(4-methyl-benzoylamino)benzoic acid having the following structure

[000325] In a 5-L three-necked round-bottomed flask, 274 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid and 3000 mL of acetone were added. The mixture was stirred to form a clear solution. Then 154.5 g of 4-methylbenzoyl chloride was added dropwise to the reaction. After addition, the reaction was stirred overnight, then filtered to collect the solid. The solid was washed with boiling water, then cold DI water until the pH of the water was neutral. The product was dried at 110°C. EX86 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000326] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-(4-methyl-benzoylamino) benzoic acid having the following structure

[000327] In a beaker, 25.5 g of 4-(4-methyl-benzoylamino) benzoic acid and 200 mL of DI water were added. The mixture was stirred until it formed a uniform suspension. Then 4.2 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added. The reaction was stirred
[000328] overnight, and the pH value dropped to 10. The solid product was filtered and then dried in an oven at 110°C. EX87 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000329] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of N-cyclopentyl-terephthalamic acid having the following structure

[000330] In a beaker, 23.3 g of N-cyclopentyl-terephthalamic acid was added to 100 mL of H2O. Then 4.2 g of lithium hydroxide monohydrate was dissolved in a separate beaker with about 50 mL of H2O. The lithium hydroxide solution was added to the suspension of N-cyclopentyl terephthalamic acid and stirred until the pH value was almost neutral. The product was partially soluble in water. Water was removed by evaporation to yield the product. The product was dried overnight in an oven at 110 °C. EX88 PREPARATION EXAMPLE
[000331] This example demonstrates the production of the lithium salt of 4-(cyclopentanecarbonyl-amino)-benzoic acid having the following structure
.
[000332] In a 1 liter 2-necked round base flask, 40 grams of 4-aminobenzoic acid was dissolved in about 400 mL of dioxane. Then 19.35 g of cyclopentanecarbonyl chloride was added dropwise to the solution. The reaction intermediate, 4-(cyclopentanecarbonyl-amino)-benzoic acid, formed as a white solid in step and was collected by filtration. After washing the product with about 200 ml of dioxane and then with about 1 liter of boiling water, the reaction intermediate was dried in an oven at 110 °C. The yield in this step was about 27.7 g (81%).
[000333] The 27.7 grams of 4-(cyclopentanecarbonyl-amino)-benzoic acid was suspended in about 277 ml of water. Then 5 grams of lithium hydroxide monohydrate was added. The mixture was stirred overnight, and the pH became about 7. After evaporating excess water, the final product (4-(cyclopentanecarbonyl-amino)-benzoic acid lithium salt) was collected as a white solid and dried in an oven at 110 °C. EXAMPLE T1
[000334] Various additives from the above Preparation Examples were individually sprayed and blended with a high density polyethylene polymer having a density of approximately 0.952 g/cm3 and a melt flow index of approximately 19 dg/minute (ExxonMobilTM HDPE HD 6719 ). The mixture was then injection molded into bars or cast into thin films. The peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc) for each thermoplastic polymer composition was measured using a differential scanning calorimeter (Mettler-Toledo DSC822) differential scanning calorimeter. In particular, a sample was taken from the target part and heated at a rate of 20 °C/minute from a temperature of 60 °C for 220 °C, held at 220 °C for two minutes, and cooled at a rate of approximately 10 °C/minute at a temperature of 60 °C. The temperature at which peak polymer crystal reform occurred (which corresponds to the peak polymer recrystallization temperature) was recorded for each sample and is reported in Table 1 below.
[000335] Comparative example CTCEX1 is high density polyethylene polymer having a density of approximately 0.952 g/cm3 and a melt flow index of approximately 19 dg/minute (ExxonMobilTM HDPE HD 6719) which has been injection molded into bars of sample. Comparative example CTCEX2 and CTCEX3 are the same high density polyethylene polymer containing 1000 ppm sodium benzoate and aluminum bis[4-1(1,1-dimethylethyl) benzoate] hydroxide (Al-pTBBA), respectively. Comparative example CTCEX4 is the same high density polyethylene polymer cast in a film. Examples TCEX1 to example TCEX56 are the high density polyethylene polymer fused film containing 1500 ppm from the Preparation Examples as described in this application. TABLE 1. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc) of various additives in PE.



[000336] From Table 1, it is clear that all metal salt compounds of the invention can increase the recrystallization temperature (Tc) of polyethylene to some extent. While Tc is not the only important factor when choosing a suitable nucleator for a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer, improvement in Tc is very desirable as it improves the crystallization rate during the process, shortens cycle time, and improves production efficiency. . Manufacture of Nucleated Blown Films
[000337] For all blown film examples, the polyethylene resins used were ground first to about a 35 mesh powder. Then 1000 ppm Irganox 1010, 800 ppm Irgafos 168, 1000 ppm DHT4-A, and the inventive nucleating agent were added to the resin and mixed in a high intensity Henschel mixer for about 2 minutes with a blade speed of about 2100 rpm. The samples were then melt composited in an MPM single screw extruder with a 38 mm diameter screw. The barrel temperature of the extruder was increased from 160 to 190 °C. The extrudate in the form of filaments was cooled in a water bath and then subsequently pelleted.
[000338] Films were produced on a pilot scale blown film line with a 4 in monolayer die using a 2 mm die opening. The line included an air-cooled Future Design dual flap air ring. The extruder had a 55 mm diameter barrier helix with a length to width ratio of 24:1. The barrel temperature of the extruder was increased from 190 to 220 °C. Nucleated Polyethylene Blown Film Test
[000339] The % haze of the parts was measured using a BYK Gardner Harze meter in accordance with ASTM D1023. The clarity of parts was measured using a BYK Gardner Harze meter. Permeation, measured as Water Vapor Transmission Rate, was measured using an Illinois Instruments 7000 Water Vapor Permeation Analyzer in accordance with ASTM E398. Tear strength was measured using a ProTear tear analyzer in accordance with ASTM D1922. Fast moving drop impact testing was performed using a Dynisco Model D2085AB-P fast moving drop polymer analyzer per ASTM D1709. Tensile testing of the film was performed using an MTS Q-Test-5 instrument, in accordance with ASTM D882.
[000340] The peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc) for the thermoplastic polymer compositions was measured using a differential scanning calorimeter (Mettler-Toledo DSC822 differential scanning calorimeter). In particular, a compression molded plate was prepared from the pellets, and a sample was taken from the plate and heated at a rate of 20°C/minute from a temperature of 60°C for 220°C, maintained at 220 °C for two minutes, and cooled at a rate of approximately 10 °C/minute to a temperature of 60 °C. The temperature at which peak polymer crystal reform occurred (which corresponds to the peak polymer recrystallization temperature) was recorded for each sample. EXAMPLE F1
[000341] This example demonstrates some of the physical properties exhibited by a high density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with a nucleating agent according to the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by composing (as described above) 2000 ppm EX5 into a commercially available high density polyethylene polymer (Sclair® 19G from Nova Chemicals) having a density of approximately 0.962 g/cm3 and a flux index melting of approximately 1.2 dg/minute. The formed polymer composition pellet was then used to produce the blown films (3 mil thick) using the following organization: 101.6 mm (4 in) die, 2.0 mm die opening, BUR 2.3, DDR 11.4, and production 30 kg/h. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, permeation, tear strength, fast-moving drop impact, 1% secant modulus, and optical properties of the resulting films were measured and are reported in Tables F1 to F4. EXAMPLE F2
[000342] Example F2 was prepared in the same way as example F1 saved EX46 which was used in place of EX5. EXAMPLE F3
[000343] Example F3 was prepared in the same way as example F1 saved EX76 which was used in place of EX5. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE CF1
[000344] Comparative example CF1 was prepared in the same manner as example F1 except that no nucleating agent was used. TABLE F1. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc), vapor permeation, and fast-moving drop impact of comparative example CF1 and examples F1, F2, and F3.
TABLE F2. Fog and clarity of comparative example CF1 and examples F1, F2, and F3.
TABLE F3. 1% secant modulus of comparative example CF1 and examples F1, F2, and F3.
TABLE F4. Tear strength of comparative example CF1 and examples F1, F2, and F3.

[000345] From the data in Tables F1-F4, it is clear that all additives, EX5, EX46, and EX76 increased the peak polymer recrystallization temperature, decreased haze, and increased clarity. In addition, EX5 and EX46 increased machine steering tear resistance, fast-moving drop impact, and vapor permeation. EX76 also increased machine tear resistance. Most importantly, EX76 generated balanced tear strength in machine and cross directions, improved barrier property (proved by lower permeation number), and improved machine direction hardness (1% secant modulus). EXAMPLE F4
[000346] This example demonstrates some of the physical properties exhibited by a linear low density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with a nucleating agent according to the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by composing (as described above) 2000 ppm EX5 into a commercially available linear low density polyethylene polymer of butene (ExxonMobilTM LLDPE LL 1001.32) having a density of approximately 0.918 g/cm3 and a melt flow rate of approximately 1.0 dg/minute. The formed polymer composition pellet was then used to produce the blown films (2 mil thick) using the following organization: 101.6 mm (4 in) die, 2.0 mm die opening, BUR 2.35, DDR 17, and production 30 kg/h. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, permeation, fast-moving drop impact, 1% secant modulus, and tear strength were measured and are reported in Tables F5 and F6. EXAMPLE F5
[000347] Example F5 was prepared in the same way as example F4 saved EX46 which was used in place of EX5. EXAMPLE F6
[000348] Example F6 was prepared in the same way as example F4 saved EX76 which was used in place of EX5. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE CF2
[000349] COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE CF2 was prepared in the same manner as example F4 except that no nucleating agent was used. TABLE F5. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc), vapor permeation, and fast-moving drop impact of comparative example CF2 and samples F4, F5, and F6.
TABLE F6. 1% secant modulus and tear strength of comparative sample CF2 and samples F4, F5, and F6.

[000350] From the data in Tables F5 and F6, it is clear that the additives, EX5, EX46, and EX76 increased the peak polymer recrystallization temperature. EX5 and EX46 significantly increased machine steering tear resistance and EX76 increased machine steering modulus. All three nucleating agents of the invention increase fast-moving impact strength slightly. EXAMPLE F7
[000351] This example demonstrates some of the physical properties exhibited by a linear low density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with a nucleating agent according to the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by composing (as described above) 2000 ppm of EX46 into a linear, commercially available low density polyethylene polymer (DowlexTM 2056G) having a density of approximately 0.922 g/cm3 and a melt flow index of approximately 1.0 dg/minute. The formed polymer composition pellet was then used to produce the blown films (1 mil thick) using the following organization: 101.6 mm (4 in) die, 2.0 mm die opening, BUR 2.38, DDR 33, and production 22 kg/h. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, permeation, fast-moving drop impact, 1% secant modulus, and tear strength were measured and are reported in Tables F7 and F8. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE CF3
[000352] Comparative example CF3 was prepared in the same manner as example F7 except that no nucleating agent was used. TABLE F7. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc), vapor permeation, and fast-moving drop impact of comparative sample CF3 and F7 samples.
TABLE F8. 1% secant modulus and tear strength of comparative sample CF3 and samples F7.

[000353] From the data in Tables F7 and F8, it is clear that the EX46 additive increased the peak polymer recrystallization temperature, increased machine direction tear strength, and fast-moving drop impact. EXAMPLE F8
[000354] This example demonstrates some of the physical properties exhibited by a linear low density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with a nucleating agent according to the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by composing (as described above) 2000 ppm of EX76 into a linear, commercially available low density polyethylene polymer (DowlexTM 2056G) having a density of approximately 0.922 g/cm3 and a melt flow index of approximately 1.0 dg/minute. The formed polymer composition pellet was then used to produce the blown films (3 mil thick) using the following organization: 101.6 mm (4 in) die, 2.0 mm die opening, BUR 2.38, DDR 11, and production 23 kg/h. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, permeation, fast moving drop impact, fast moving drop impact, 1% secant modulus, and tear strength were measured and are reported in Tables F9 and F10. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE CF4
[000355] Comparative example CF4 was prepared in the same manner as example F8 except that no nucleating agent was used. TABLE F9. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc) and fast-moving drop impact of comparative sample CF4 and F8 samples.
TABLE F10. 1% secant modulus and tear strength of comparative sample CF4 and samples F8.

[000356] From the data in Tables F9 and F10, it is clear that additive EX76 increased crystalline peak temperature, fast-moving drop impact, and secant modulus at 1% MD. Likewise, it provides a balanced tear strength in the machine and transverse directions. EXAMPLE F9
[000357] This example demonstrates some of the physical properties exhibited by a linear low density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with a nucleating agent according to the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by composing (as described above) 2000 ppm EX5 into a linear, commercially available low density polyethylene polymer (Dow EliteTM 5100G) having a density of approximately 0.922 g/cm3 and a flux index of melting at approximately 0.85 dg/minute. The formed polymer composition pellet was then used to produce the blown films (2 and 3 mil thick) using the following organization: 101.6 mm (4 in) die, 2.0 mm die opening , BUR 2.38, DDR 16.5 and 11 respectively for 2 mil and 3 mil films, and production 30 kg/h. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, permeation, 1% secant modulus, and tear strength were measured and are reported in Tables F11 and F12. EXAMPLE F10
[000358] Example F10 was prepared in the same way as example F9 saved EX46 which was used in place of EX5. EXAMPLE F11
[000359] Example F11 was prepared in the same way as example F9 saved EX76 which was used in place of EX5. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE CF5
[000360] Comparative example CF1 was prepared in the same manner as example F9 except that no nucleating agent was used. TABLE F11. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc) and vapor permeation of comparative sample CF1 and samples F9, F10, and F11.
TABLE F12. Tear resistance of comparative sample CF1 and samples F9, F10, and F11.

[000361] From the data in Tables F11-F12, it is clear that the additives, EX5, EX46, and EX76 increased the peak polymer recrystallization temperature. In addition, EX5 and EX46 increased machine direction tear strength, especially when the film was 3 mil thick. EX76 increased the tensile modulus in the machine direction and generated more balanced tear strength in the machine and cross directions. EX5 and EX46 increased permeation while EX76 reduced permeation. Manufacture of Nucleated Polyethylene by Injection Molding
[000362] In the following injection molding examples, the polyethylene resins used were first ground to a 35 mesh powder. Then the inventive nucleating agent was added to the resin and mixed in a high intensity Henschel mixer for about 2 minutes with a blade speed of about 2100 rpm. The samples were then melt composited in a DeltaPlast single helix extruder, with a 25 mm diameter helix and a length to diameter ratio of 30:1. The extruder barrel temperature was increased from 160 to 190 °C, and the propeller speed was set at about 130 rpm. The extrudate in the form of a filament was cooled in a water bath and then subsequently pelleted.
[000363] The plates and bars were formed by injection molding in a 40 ton Arburg injection molder with a 25.4 mm diameter helix. The injection molder barrel temperature was 230 °C unless otherwise specified, and the mold temperature was controlled at 25 °C.
[000364] Unless otherwise specified, the injection speed for the plates was 2.4 cc/s, and their dimensions are about 60 mm long, 60 mm wide and 2 mm thick. These plates were used to measure recrystallization temperature, bidirectional hardness, and multiaxial impact strength.
[000365] Unless otherwise specified, the injection speed for the bars was 15 cc/s, and their dimensions are about 127 mm long, 12.7 mm wide and 3.3 mm thick. These bars were used to measure 1% secant modulus, HDT and Izod impact strength. Nucleated Polyethylene Test
[000366] The flexural properties test (reported as bidirectional modulus) was performed on the aforementioned plates using an MTS Q-Test-5 instrument with a distance of 32 mm, a fixed deflection rate of 8.53 mm/minute, and a nominal sample width of 50.8 mm. Samples were prepared by cutting square sections (approximately 50mm X 50mm) from the centers of the plates to obtain a sample of isotropic size. In addition to testing the samples in the machine/flow direction as usual (labeled "Transverse Direction" in the results table), the samples were similarly tested by flexing in the transverse flow direction to measure hardness in that direction as well ( labeled "Machine Direction"in the results table) to examine the bidirectional hardness of the plates.
[000367] The multiaxial impact test was performed on the above plates using an Instron Ceast 9350 analyzer according to ISO 6603 standard, using a speed of 2.2 m/s and a chamber temperature of -30 °C. Flexural modulus test (reported as 1% secant modulus) was performed on the aforementioned bars using an MTS Qtest/5 instrument, according to ASTM D790, procedure B. The thermal deflection temperature was performed on the aforementioned bars using a Ceast instrument HDT 3 VICAT, according to ASTM D648-07, method B. The Izod impact test was performed on the above bars, using a Tinius-Olsen 892T instrument, according to ASTM D256, method A.
[000368] The peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc) for the thermoplastic polymer compositions was measured using a differential scanning calorimeter (Mettler-Toledo DSC822 differential scanning calorimeter). In particular, a sample was taken from the target part and heated at a rate of 20 °C/minute from a temperature of 60 °C for 220 °C, held at 220 °C for two minutes, and cooled at a rate of approximately 10 °C/minute at a temperature of 60 °C. The temperature at which peak polymer crystal reform occurred (which corresponds to the peak polymer recrystallization temperature) was recorded for each sample. EXAMPLE II-I3
[000369] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by a high density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with nucleating agents in accordance with the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by composing (as described above) Preparation Example EX5 and different acid scavengers in a commercially available high density polyethylene (DowlexTM IP 40) having a density of approximately 0.954 g/cm3 and an index of melt flow approximately 40 dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets. The formed polymer composition pellet was then injection molded into test plates and bars.
[000370] The formulation information for Examples I1 to I3 and Comparative Example CI1 is listed in table I1. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc), multiaxial impact at temperatures of -30°C and bidirectional modulus (measured in plates), and 1% secant modulus and thermal deflection temperature (measured in bars) are reported in the Tables I2 and I3 below. TABLE I1: Formulation information for Samples CI1, I1, I2 and I3.
TABLE I2: Multiaxial impact at -30°C temperature and bidirectional sample module CI1, I1, I2 and I3.
TABLE I3: 1% secant modulus, heat deflection temperature, and peak polymer recrystallization temperature of CI1, I1, I2, and I3.
EXAMPLE I4-I6
[000371] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by a high density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with nucleating agents according to the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by composing (as described above) Preparation Example EX46 and different acid scavengers on commercially available high density polyethylene (DowlexTM IP 40) having a density of approximately 0.954 g/cm3 and a flux index melting speed of approximately 40 dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets. The formed polymer composition pellet was then injection molded into test plates and bars. Formulation information for Examples I4 to I6 and Comparative Example CI2 is listed in Table I4. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc), multiaxial impact at -30°C temperature and bidirectional modulus (measured in plates), and 1% secant modulus and thermal deflection temperature (measured in bars) are reported in Table I5 and I6 below. TABLE I4: Formulation information for Samples CI2, I4, I5 and I6.
TABLE I5: Multiaxial impact at a temperature of -30°C and bidirectional sample module CI2, I4, I5 and I6
TABLE I6: 1% secant modulus, peak polymer recrystallization temperature, and thermal deflection temperature of CI2, I4, I5, and I6.
EXAMPLE 17
[000372] This example demonstrates some of the physical properties exhibited by a high density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with nucleating agents according to the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by composing (as described above) Preparation Example EX76 in a commercially available high density polyethylene (DowlexTM IP 40) having a density of approximately 0.954 g/cm3 and a melt flow index of approximately 40 dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets. The formed polymer composition pellet was then injection molded into test plates and bars. The formulation information for Example I7 and Comparative Example CI3 is listed in Table I7. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc), multiaxial impact temperature -30°C and bidirectional modulus (measured in plates), and 1% secant modulus and thermal deflection temperature (measured in bars) were measured and reported in Table I8 and I9 below. Table I7: Formulation information for Samples CI3 and I7.
TABLE I8: Multiaxial impact at a temperature of -30°C and bidirectional module of samples CI3 and I7
TABLE I9: 1% secant modulus, heat deflection temperature, and peak polymer recrystallization temperature of CI3 and I7.
EXAMPLE I8-I10
[000373] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by a high density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with nucleating agents according to the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by composing (as described above) Preparation Example EX5 and different acid scavengers into a commercially available high density polyethylene (ExxonMobilTM HDPE HD 6719) having a density of approximately 0.952 g/cm3 and an index melt flow rate of approximately 19 dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets. The formed polymer composition pellet was then injection molded into test plates and bars. The formulation information for Examples I8 to I10 and Comparative Example CI4 is listed in Table I10. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, multiaxial impact temperature -30 °C and bidirectional modulus (measured in plates), and 1% secant modulus and thermal deflection temperature (measured in bars) were measured and are reported in Table I11 and I12 below. TABLE I10: Formulation information for Samples CI4, I8, I9 and I10.
TABLE I11: Multiaxial impact at a temperature of -30°C and bidirectional sample module CI4, I8, I9 and I10.
TABLE I12: 1% secant modulus, heat deflection temperature, and peak polymer recrystallization temperature of CI4, I8, I9, and I10.
EXAMPLE 11-12
[000374] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by a high density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with nucleating agents according to the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by composing (as described above) Preparation Examples EX46 and EX76 in a commercially available high density polyethylene (ExxonMobilTM HDPE HD 6719) having a density of approximately 0.952 g/cm3 and a flux index of melting at approximately 19 dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets. The formed polymer composition pellet was then injection molded into test plates and bars. In this example, the plates were molded at 15 cc/s, and the bars at 40 cc/s, keeping the other process conditions as described above. The formulation information for Examples III and I12 and Comparative Example CI5 is listed in Table I13. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, multiaxial impact at a temperature of -30 °C and bidirectional modulus (measured in plates), and secant modulus at 1%, izod impact at -30 °C, and thermal distortion temperature (measured in bars) were measured and are reported in Table I14 and I15 below. TABLE I13: Formulation information for Samples CI5, I11 and I12.
TABLE I14: Multiaxial impact at a temperature of -30°C and Bidirectional sample module CI5, I11 and I12. Molded plates at 15 cc/s

TABLE I15: 1% secant modulus, peak polymer recrystallization temperature, and thermal deflection temperature of CI5, I11 and I12. 40 cc/s molded bars
EXAMPLE I13-I15
[000375] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by a high density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with nucleating agents in accordance with the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by composing Preparation Examples EX5, EX46 and EX76 in a commercially available high density polyethylene (LyondellBasell Hostalen® ACP 6541A UV) having a density of approximately 0.954 g/cm3 and a melt flow index of approximately 1.5 dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets. The formed polymer composition pellet was then injection molded into test plates and bars. In this example, the plates were molded at 220°C and 20 cc/s, and the bars were molded at 220°C and 40 cc/s, keeping the other process conditions as described above. Formulation information for Examples I13, I14, I15 and Comparative Example CI6 is listed in Table I16. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, multiaxial impact temperature -30 °C and bidirectional modulus (measured in plates), and 1% secant modulus, Izod impact, and thermal deflection temperature (measured in bars) were measured and are reported in Table I17 and I18 below. TABLE I16: Formulation information for Samples CI6, I13, I14 and I15.
TABLE I17: Multiaxial impact at a temperature of -30°C and bidirectional sample module CI6, I13, I14 and I15. Molded plates at 20 cc/s
TABLE I18: 1% secant modulus, peak polymer recrystallization temperature, and thermal deflection temperature of CI6, I13, I14 and I15.
Manufacturing of Thin Wall Injection Molded Deli Cups Nucleated
[000376] The polyethylene resins used were first ground to a 35 mesh powder. The inventive nucleating agent was added to the resin and mixed in a high intensity Henschel mixer for about 2 minutes with a blade speed of about 2100 rpm. The samples were then composite melted in an MPM single screw extruder with a 38 mm diameter screw. The temperature of the extruder barrel was increased from 160 to 190 °C. The extrudate in the form of filaments was cooled in a water bath and subsequently pelleted. Deli cups with a volumetric capacity of 16 oz. were produced in a Husky S-90 RS40/32 injection molder, 90 ton press and accumulator assisted high speed injection unit using a single cavity mold. The injection molder has an alternate helix 32 mm in diameter, with a length to diameter ratio of 25:1. The extruder barrel temperature was between 190 and 210 °C depending on the resin melt index, with hot runner temperatures similarly set at around 210 °C. The mold temperature was set at about 12°C. The dimensions of the Deli cups are approximately 117mm in diameter and 76mm in height. Test of Nucleated Polyethylene Deli Cups
[000377] The % haze of the parts was measured on the sidewall using a BYK Gardner Hazer meter, according to ASTM D1023. The clarity of parts was measured on the sidewall using a BYK Gardner Hazer meter. The top load of the parts was measured using an MTS Q-Test-5 instrument according to ASTM D 2659. The peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc) for the thermoplastic polymer compositions was measured using a differential scanning calorimeter ( Mettler-Toledo DSC822) differential scanning calorimeter. In particular, a compression molded plate was prepared from the pellets and a sample was taken from the plate and heated at a rate of 20°C/minute from a temperature of 60°C for 220°C, kept at 220 °C for two minutes, and cooled at a rate of approximately 10 °C/minute to a temperature of 60 °C. The temperature at which peak polymer crystal reform occurred (which corresponds to the peak polymer recrystallization temperature) was recorded for each sample. EXAMPLE I16-I18
[000378] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by high density polyethylene polymer articles (Del cups) that have been produced using a composition containing a nucleating agent according to the invention. Polyethylene articles were prepared by composing (as described above) Preparation Examples EX5, EX46, and EX76 into a commercially available high density polyethylene (Dowlex IP 40) having a density of approximately 0.954 g/cm3 and an index of melt flow approximately 40 dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with the additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets as described above. The formed polymer composition pellet was then processed by thin wall injection molding (TWIM) to form the polyethylene articles. In this example, the Deli cups were produced using a filling time of 0.21 seconds. The formulation information for Examples I16, I17, I18 and Comparative Example CI7 is listed in Table I19. Peak recrystallization time (measured on a compression molded plate produced with the pellets), clarity, haze, and top load of the deli cups were measured and reported in Table I20 below. TABLE I19: Formulation information for Samples CI7 and I16 to I18. All compositions contain 1000 ppm Irganox1010 and 800 ppm Irgafos 168.

TABLE I20. Select Physical Properties of Comparative Samples CI17 and Sample I16 to I18.
Fabrication of Nucleated Injection Molded Food Storage Container
[000379] The polyethylene resins used were first ground to a 35 mesh powder. The inventive nucleating agents were added to the resin and mixed in a high intensity Henschel mixer for about 2 minutes with a blade speed of about 2100 rpm. The samples were then melt composited in an MPM single screw extruder with a 38 mm diameter screw. The barrel temperature of the extruder was increased from 160 to 190 °C. The extrudate in the form of filaments was cooled in a water bath and then subsequently pelleted. Reusable food storage containers weighing approximately 62 g were produced in a Husky S-90 RS40/32 injection molder, 90 ton press and accumulator-assisted high-speed injection unit, using a single mold. cavity. The injection molder has an alternate helix 32 mm in diameter, with a length to diameter ratio of 25:1. The extruder barrel temperature was between 190 and 220 °C depending on the resin's melt index, with hot runner temperatures similarly set at around 220 °C. The mold temperature was set at about 12°C. The dimensions of the food storage containers are 190.5mm X 98.4mm X 76.2mm, and the wall thickness is about 1mm. Testing of nucleated polyethylene food storage containers
[000380] The % haze of the parts was measured on the sidewall using a BYK Gardner Harze meter in accordance with ASTM D1023. The clarity of parts was measured on the sidewall using a BYK Gardner Harze meter. The top load of the parts was measured using an MTS Q-Test-5 instrument according to ASTM D 2659. The peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc) for the thermoplastic polymer compositions was measured using a differential scanning calorimeter ( Mettler-Toledo DSC822) differential scanning calorimeter. In particular, a compression molded plate was prepared from the pellets and a sample was taken from the plate and heated at a rate of 20 °C/minute from a temperature of 60 °C for 220 °C, maintained at 220 ° C for two minutes, and cooled at a rate of approximately 10 °C/minute to a temperature of 60 °C. The temperature at which peak polymer crystal reform occurred (which corresponds to the peak polymer recrystallization temperature) was recorded for each sample. EXAMPLE H1-H3
[000381] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by an article of high density polyethylene polymer (food storage container) that has been nucleated with nucleating agents according to the invention. Polyethylene articles were prepared by composing Preparation Examples EX5, EX46, and EX76 into a commercially available high density polyethylene (ExxonMobilTM HDPE HD 6719) having a density of approximately 0.952 g/cm3 and a melt flow index of approximately 19 dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with the additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets as described above. The formed polymer composition pellet was then processed by injection molding (IM) to form polyethylene articles. In this example, the household items were produced using a fill time of 2.8 seconds. The formulation information for Examples H1, H2, H3 and Comparative Example CH1 is listed in Table TH1. Peak recrystallization time (measured on a compression molded plate produced with the pellets), clarity, haze, and top load were measured and are reported in Table TH2 below. TABLE TH1: Formulation information for Samples CH1 and H1 to H3. All compositions contain 1000 ppm Irganox1010 and 800 ppm Irgafos 168.

[000382] TABLE TH2. Select Physical Properties of Comparative Samples CH1 and H1 to H3.
EXAMPLE H4-H6
[000383] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by an article of high density polyethylene polymer (food storage container) that was made with a resin nucleated with a nucleating agent according to the invention. Polyethylene articles were prepared by composing Preparation Examples EX5, EX46, and EX76 into a commercially available high density polyethylene (DowTM HDPE DMDA-8965 NT 7) having a density of approximately 0.954 g/cm3 and a flux index of melting at approximately 66dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with the additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets as described above. The formed polymer composition pellet was then processed by injection molding (IM) to form polyethylene articles. In this example, the household items were produced using a 3.0 second fill time. Formulation information for Examples H4, H5, H6 and Comparative Example CH2 is listed in Table TH3. Peak recrystallization time (measured on a compression molded plate produced with the pellets), clarity, haze, and top load were measured and are reported in Table TH4 below. TABLE TH3: Formulation information for Samples CH2 and H4 to H6. All compositions contain 1000 ppm Irganox1010 and 800 ppm Irgafos 168.
TABLE TH4. Select Physical Properties of Comparative Samples CH2 and H4 to H6.
EXAMPLE H7-H9
[000384] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by an article of high density polyethylene polymer (food storage container) that was produced using a nucleated resin with a nucleating agent according to the invention. Polyethylene articles were prepared by composing Preparation Examples EX5, EX46, and EX76 into a commercially available linear low density polyethylene (ExxonMobilTM LLDPE LL 6100.17) having a density of approximately 0.925 g/cm3 and a melt flow index of approximately 20 dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with the additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets as described above. The formed polymer composition pellet was then processed by injection molding (IM) to form polyethylene articles. In this example, the household items were produced using a fill time of 2.7 seconds. Formulation information for Examples H7, H8, H9 and Comparative Example CH3 is listed in Table TH5. Peak recrystallization time (measured on a compression molded plate produced with the pellets), clarity, haze, and top load were measured and are reported in Table TH6 below. TABLE TH5: Formulation information for Samples CH3 and H7 to H9. All compositions contain 1000 ppm Irganox1010 and 800 ppm Irgafos 168.
TABLE TH6. Select physical properties of comparative samples CH3 and H7 to H9.
EXAMPLE H10-H12
[000385] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by an article of high density polyethylene polymer (food storage container) that was made with a resin nucleated with a nucleating agent according to the invention. Polyethylene articles were prepared by composing Preparation Examples EX5, EX46, and EX76 into a commercially available linear low density polyethylene (DowlexTM 2517) having a density of approximately 0.919 g/cm3 and a melt flow index of approximately 25 dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with the additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets as described above. The formed polymer composition pellet was then processed by injection molding (IM) to form polyethylene articles. In this example, the household items were produced using a fill time of 2.5 seconds. Formulation information for Examples H10, H11, H12 and Comparative Example CH4 is listed in Table TH7. Peak recrystallization time (measured on a compression molded plate produced with the pellets), clarity, haze, and top load were measured and are reported in Table TH8 below. TABLE TH7: Formulation information for Sample CH4 and H10 to H12. All compositions contain 1000 ppm Irganox1010 and 800 ppm Irgafos 168.
TABLE TH8. Select Physical Properties of Comparative Samples CH4 and H10 to H12.
Formation of Nucleated Polypropylene
[000386] The different additives were added to the polypropylene base resin and mixed in a high intensity Henschel mixer for about 2 minutes with a blade speed of about 2100 rpm. The samples were then melt composited in a DeltaPlast single helix extruder, with a 25 mm diameter helix and a length to diameter ratio of 30:1. The barrel temperature of the extruder was increased from 190 to 230 °C, and the screw speed was set at about 130 rpm. The extrudate in the form of a filament was cooled in a water bath and then subsequently pelleted.
[000387] The plates and bars were formed by injection molding in a 40 ton Arburg injection molder with a 25.4 mm diameter helix. The barrel temperature of the injection molder was 230 °C, and the mold temperature was controlled at 25 °C. The injection speed for the plates was 2.4 cc/s, and their dimensions are about 60 mm long, 60 mm wide and 2 mm thick. These plates were used to measure recrystallization temperature, bidirectional hardness. The injection speed for the bars was 15 cc/s, and their dimensions are about 127 mm long, 12.7 mm wide and 3.3 mm thick. These bars were used to measure 1% secant modulus, HDT and Izod impact strength. Nucleated Polypropylene Test
[000388] The flexural properties test (reported as bidirectional modulus) was performed on the aforementioned plates using an MTS Q-Test-5 instrument with a distance of 32 mm, a fixed deflection rate of 8.53 mm/minute, and a nominal sample width of 50.8 mm. Samples were prepared by cutting square sections (approximately 50mm x 50mm) from the centers of the plates to obtain a sample of isotropic size. In addition to testing the samples in the machine/flow direction as usual (labeled as "Transverse Direction" in the results table), the samples were similarly tested by flexing in the transverse flow direction to measure hardness in that direction as well ( labeled "Machine Direction"in the results table) to examine the bidirectional hardness of the plates.
[000389] The flexural modulus test (reported as 1% secant modulus) was performed on the aforementioned bars using an MTS Qtest/5 instrument, according to ASTM D790, procedure B. The thermal deflection temperature was performed on the bars above using a Ceast HDT 3 VICAT instrument according to ASTM D648-07, method B. The Izod impact test was performed on the above bars using a Tinius-Olsen 892T instrument according to ASTM D256, method A. The peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc) for the thermoplastic polymer compositions was measured using a differential scanning calorimeter (Mettler-Toledo DSC822 differential scanning calorimeter). This was accomplished by heating an approximately 5 milligram sample obtained from the target plates at 20 °C/minute from 50 °C for 220 °C, holding at 220 °C for 2 minutes, cooling the plates at a rate of about of 20 °C/minute again at 50 °C, and recording at the temperature at which peak polymer crystal reform occurs (Tc). EXAMPLE P1-P6
[000390] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by a polypropylene polymer that has been nucleated with nucleating agents according to the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by compounding Preparation Examples EX5, EX46, EX9, EX8, EX36 and EX76 in a commercially available polypropylene homopolymer (LyondellBasell Pro-faxTM 6301) having a melt flow index of approximately 12 dg/ minute. The resin was first mixed with the inventive nucleating agent with antioxidant and acid sequestrants, then the composite mixture and extruded to form the pellets. The formed pellet was injection molded into test plates and bars as described above. The formulation information for Examples P1 to P6 and Comparative Example CP1 is listed in Table P1. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, bidirectional modulus, Izod impact, and heat deflection temperature were measured and reported in Table P2 and P3 below. TABLE P1: Formulation Information for Samples CP1 and P1 to P6. All compositions contain 500ppm Irganox 1010, 1000ppm Irgafos 168, and 800ppm calcium stearate.
TABLE P2: Bidirectional module of comparative example CP1 and examples P1 to P6
TABLE P3: Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, Izod impact at room temperature, and heat deflection temperature from comparative example CP1 and examples P1 to P6
EXAMPLE P7-P12
[000391] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by a polypropylene polymer that has been nucleated with a nucleating agent according to the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by compounding Preparation Examples EX5, EX46, EX9, EX8, EX36 and EX76 in a commercially available polypropylene homopolymer (LyondellBasell Pro-faxTM 6301) having a melt flow index of approximately 12 dg/ minute. The resin was first mixed with the inventive nucleating agents with antioxidant and acid sequestrants, then the composite mixture and extruded to form the pellets. The formed pellet was injection molded into test plates and bars as described above. The formulation information for Examples P7 to P12 and Comparative Example CP2 is listed in Table P4. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, bidirectional modulus, Izod impact, and heat deflection temperature were measured and reported in Table P5 and P6 below. TABLE P4: Formulation information for Samples CP2 and P7 to P12. All compositions contain 500 ppm Irganox 1010, 1000 ppm Irgafos 168, and 500 ppm DHT-4A.
TABLE P5: Bidirectional module of comparative example CP2 and examples P7 to P12
TABLE P6: Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, Izod impact at room temperature, and heat deflection temperature from comparative example CP2 and examples P7 to P12
EXAMPLE P13-P18
[000392] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by a polypropylene polymer that has been nucleated with a nucleating agent according to the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by compounding Preparation Examples EX5, EX46, EX9, EX8, EX36 and EX76 in a commercially available impact polypropylene copolymer (LyondellBasell Pro-faxTM SD375S) having a melt flow index of approximately 18 dg/minute.
[000393] The resin was first mixed with the nucleating agents of the invention with antioxidant and acid sequestrants, then the composite mixture and extruded to form the pellets. The formed pellet was injection molded into test plates and bars as described above. The formulation information for Examples P13 to P18 and Comparative Example CP3 is listed in Table P7. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, bidirectional modulus, Izod impact, and heat deflection temperature were measured and reported in Table P8 and P9 below. TABLE P7: Formulation information for Samples CP3 and P13 to P18. All compositions contain 500 ppm Irganox 1010, 1000 ppm Irgafos 168, and 800 ppm calcium stearate.
TABLE P8: Bidirectional module of comparative example CP3 and examples P13 to P18
TABLE P9: Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, and thermal deflection temperature of comparative example CP3 and examples P13 to P18
EXAMPLE P19-P24
[000394] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by a polypropylene polymer that has been nucleated with a nucleating agent according to the invention. Polymer compositions were prepared by compounding Preparation Examples EX5, EX46, EX9, EX8, EX36 and EX76 in a commercially available impact polypropylene copolymer (LyondellBasell Pro-faxTM SD375S) having a melt flow index of approximately 18 dg/minute.
[000395] The resin was first mixed with the nucleating agents of the invention with antioxidant and acid sequestrants, then the composite mixture and extruded to form the pellets. The formed pellet was injection molded into test plates and bars as described above. Formulation information for Examples P19 to P24 and Comparative Example CP4 is listed in Table P10. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, bidirectional modulus, Izod impact, and heat deflection temperature were measured and reported in Table P11 and P12 below. TABLE P10: Formulation information for Samples CP4 and P19 to P24. All compositions contain 500 ppm Irganox 1010, 1000 ppm Irgafos 168, and 500 ppm DHT-4A.

[000396] TABLE P11: Bidirectional module of comparative example CP4 and examples P19 to P24
TABLE P12: Peak polymer recrystallization temperature, and thermal deflection temperature of comparative example CP4 and examples P19 to P24
Manufacture of Nucleated Polyethylene by Injection Molding
[000397] In the following injection molding examples, polyethylene resins were prepared as described above with respect to the previous injection molding examples. The plates and bars were formed by injection molding in a 40 ton Arburg injection molder with a 25.4 mm diameter helix. The barrel temperature of the injection molder was between 190 and 230 °C depending on the melt index of the resin, and the mold temperature was controlled at 25 °C.
[000398] Unless otherwise specified, the injection speed for the plates was 15 cc/s, and their dimensions were approximately 60 mm long, 60 mm wide and 2 mm thick. These plates were used to measure bidirectional shrinkage, recrystallization temperature, and bidirectional hardness.
[000399] Unless otherwise specified, the injection speed for the bars was 40 cc/s, and their dimensions were approximately 127 mm long, 12.7 mm wide and 3.3 mm thick. These bars were used to measure 1% secant modulus and HDT.
[000400] Nucleated Polyethylene Test
[000401] Shrinkage is measured on the plates, equally in machine direction (MD), and cross direction (TD), after 48 hours of aging under ambient conditions in accordance with ASTM D955. The percent shrinkage for each direction using the following equation is calculated:

[000402] The flexural properties test (reported as bidirectional modulus) was performed on the aforementioned plates using an MTS Q-Test-5 instrument with a distance of 32 mm, a fixed deflection rate of 8.53 mm/minute, and a nominal sample width of 50.8 mm. Samples were prepared by cutting square sections (approximately 50mm X 50mm) from the centers of the plates to obtain a sample of isotropic size. In addition to testing the samples in the machine/flow direction as usual (labeled "Transverse Direction" in the results table), the samples were similarly tested by flexing in the direction perpendicular to the flow direction to measure hardness in that direction (labeled "Machine Direction" in the results table) to examine the bidirectional hardness of the plates.
[000403] The peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc) for the thermoplastic polymer compositions was measured using a differential scanning calorimeter (Mettler-Toledo DSC822 differential scanning calorimeter). In particular, a sample was taken from the target part and heated at a rate of 20°C/minute from a temperature of 60°C to 220°C, held at 220°C for two minutes, and cooled at a rate of approximately 10 °C/minute at a temperature of 60 °C. The temperature at which peak polymer crystal reform occurred (which corresponds to the peak polymer recrystallization temperature) was recorded for each sample. EXAMPLES Q1-Q12
[000404] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by a high density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with a mixture of EX76 and an acid scavenger, specifically zinc stearate (ZnSt) or a synthetic dihydrotalcite compound (DHT) -4A). Polymer compositions were prepared by composing (as described above) Preparation Example EX76 and different acid scavengers into a commercially available high density polyethylene (Nova Sclair® 19G) having a density of approximately 0.960 g/cm3 and an index melt flow rate of approximately 1.2 dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets. The formed polymer composition pellet was then injection molded into test plates and bars.
[000405] The formulation information for Examples Q1 to Q12 and Comparative Example CQ1 is listed in table Q1. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc), bidirectional modulus (measured in plates), and 1% secant modulus and thermal deflection temperature (measured in bars) are reported in Tables Q2 and Q3 below. TABLE Q1: Formulation information for Samples CQ1 and Q1 to Q12.


[000406] TABLE Q 12: Bidirectional modulus and bidirectional shrinkage of samples CQ1 and Q1 to Q12.

[000407] EX76 without ZnSt or DHT-4A gives some guidance of machine direction (MD) crystal growth as evidenced by the decrease in MD shrinkage. When DHT-4A is used as the acid scavenger at a 3:1 ratio of EX76 to DHT-4A, a stronger MD orientation (lower MD than TD shrinkage) is present in 1500 ppm batches of the mixture. . When ZnSt is used as the acid sequestrant, strong MD orientation is evident at blend loadings as low as 500 ppm. This is evident from lower MD shrinkage, higher MD hardness, and a decrease in TD hardness. TABLE Q3: 1% secant modulus, heat deflection temperature, and peak polymer recrystallization temperature from CQ1 and Q1 to Q12.

[000408] As can be seen from Table Q3, mixtures of EX76 with an acid scavenger had the same effect on Tc as EX76 alone. Hardness and HDT measurements in flex bars confirmed that using the EX76 together with ZnSt or DHT-4A significantly improves the performance of the EX76 when compared to the EX76 alone. When a mixture of nucleating agent and acid sequestrant is used, lower loadings of nucleating agent (EX76) may impart similar or better properties than higher loadings of EX76 alone. EXAMPLES R1-R9
[000409] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by a high density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with blends of EX76 and ZnSt in different ratios. Polymer compositions were prepared by composing (as described above) Preparation Example EX76 and ZnSt in a commercially available high density polyethylene (Nova Sclair® 19G) having a density of approximately 0.960 g/cm3 and a flux index of melting at approximately 1.2 dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets. The formed polymer composition pellet was then injection molded into test plates and bars.
[000410] The formulation information for Examples R1 to R9 and Comparative Examples CR1 and CR2 is listed in table R1. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc), bidirectional modulus (measured in plates), and 1% secant modulus and heat deflection temperature (measured in bars) are reported in Tables R2 and R3 below. TABLE R1: Formulation information for Samples CR1, CR2, and R1 to R9.
TABLE R2: Bidirectional modulus and bidirectional shrinkage of samples CR1, CR2, and R1 to R9.

[000411] Data for Sample CR2 shows that the addition of ZnSt alone does not have a significant effect on the bidirectional hardness or shrinkage of this resin. This is evidence that ZnSt does not nucleate the resin. Samples R1 and R2 show that EX76 without ZnSt grants MD crystal growth orientation (decreasing MD shrinkage compared to CR1 and CR2). When ZnSt is used together with EX76, a much stronger MD orientation (very low MD shrinkage) is observed. This is even true with a 1:4 ratio blend, where EX76 is only present at 125 ppm in the resin.
[000412] When EX76 and ZnSt are used together, a very high MD hardness and a decrease in TD hardness are observed, which is indicative of a very strong MD orientation. The MD hardness granted by all blends is higher than the MD hardness of EX76 alone at both 1000ppm and 2000ppm. This is surprising since resins composited with the blends contain less EX76. The highest MD hardness is achieved with blends of EX76 and ZnSt that have ratios ranging from 4:1, 3:1, 2:1 and 1:1. But even at 1:3 and 1:4 ratios (which refer to 250 ppm and 125 ppm EX76 loadings, with ZnSt at 750 ppm and 875 ppm respectively), the hardness of MD is similar or slightly higher. than EX76 alone at 2000ppm. TABLE R3: 1% secant modulus, heat deflection temperature, and peak polymer recrystallization temperature from CR1, CR2, and R1 to R9.

[000413] As can be seen from the data in Table R3, EX76 increased the Tc of the resin. Mixtures other than EX76 with ZnSt did not improve Tc over that observed with EX76 alone. Indeed, Tc decreased slightly as the amount of EX76 decreased.
[000414] Hardness and HDT measurements in flex bars confirmed the synergy between EX76 and ZnSt. Blends having ratios of 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 (EX76:ZnSt) gave much higher hardness and HDT than EX76 alone. And blends of EX76 with ZnSt in 1:3 and 1:4 ratios gave hardness and HDT values similar to those of the EX76 alone. This means that one could use a resin containing a blend of EX76 at 125 ppm and ZnSt at 875 ppm and still get similar performance to a resin containing EX76 alone at 2000 ppm. EXAMPLES S1-S5
[000415] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by a high density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with blends of EX76 and ZnSt in different ratios. Polymer compositions were prepared by composing (as described above) Preparation Example EX76 and different acid scavengers into a commercially available high density polyethylene (Dow HDPE DMDA-8007 NT7) having a density of approximately 0.967 g/cm3 and a melt flow rate of approximately 8.3 dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets. The formed polymer composition pellet was then injection molded into test plates and bars.
[000416] The formulation information for Examples S1 to S5 and Comparative Examples CS1 and CS2 are listed in table S1. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc), bidirectional modulus (measured in plates), and 1% secant modulus and thermal deflection temperature (measured in bars) are reported in Tables S2 and S3 below. TABLE S1: Formulation information for Samples CS1, CS2, and S1 to S5.
TABLE S2: Bidirectional module and bidirectional shrinkage of samples CS1, CS2, and S1 to S5.

[000417] The data for Sample CS2 shows that the addition of ZnSt alone does not have a significant effect on the bidirectional hardness or shrinkage of this resin. These observations confirm that ZnSt does not nucleate the resin. The data for Samples S1 and S2 show that EX76 alone grants MD crystal growth orientation (decreasing MD shrinkage compared to CS1 and CS2). When ZnSt and EX76 are used together, a much stronger MD orientation (very low MD shrinkage) is observed. This is true for all tested mixing ratios.
[000418] When a mixture of EX76 and ZnSt is used, a very high MD hardness and a decrease in TD hardness are observed, which is indicative of a very strong MD orientation. The MD hardness granted by any of the blends at a total loading of 1,000 ppm is higher than that given by EX76 alone, even at a loading of 2,000 ppm. These results are consistent with those seen with lower melt flow index polyethylene resins. TABLE S3: 1% secant modulus, heat deflection temperature, and peak polymer recrystallization temperature from CS1, CS2, and S1 to S5.

[000419] As can be seen from the data in Table S3, EX76 increased the Tc of the resin. Mixtures other than EX76 with ZnSt did not improve Tc over that seen with EX76 alone. In fact, the Tc decreased slightly when the amount of EX76 decreased.
[000420] Hardness and HDT measurements in flex bars confirmed the synergy between EX76 and ZnSt. Mixtures in ratios of 3:1, 2:1 and 1:1 (EX76:ZnSt) gave much higher hardness and HDT values than EX76 alone. EXAMPLES T1-T5
[000421] These examples demonstrate some of the physical properties exhibited by a high density polyethylene polymer that has been nucleated with mixtures of EX76 and ZnSt in different ratios. Polymer compositions were prepared by composing (as described above) Preparation Example EX76 and different acid scavengers in a commercially available high density polyethylene (DowlexTM IP40) having a density of approximately 0.952 g/cm3 and a flux index melting speed of approximately 40 dg/minute. The resin was first ground, mixed with additives, then compounded and extruded to form the pellets. The formed polymer composition pellet was then injection molded into test plates and bars.
[000422] The formulation information for Examples T1 to T5 and Comparative Example CT1 and CT2 is listed in table T1. Peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc), bidirectional modulus (measured in plates), and 1% secant modulus and thermal deflection temperature (measured in bars) are reported in Tables T2 and T3 below. TABLE T1: Formulation information for Samples CT1, CT2, and T1 to T5.
TABLE T2: Bidirectional module and bidirectional shrinkage of CT1, CT2, and T1 to T5 samples.

[000423] Data for Sample CT2 shows that the addition of ZnSt alone does not have a significant effect on the bidirectional hardness or shrinkage of this resin. This is evidence that ZnSt does not nucleate the resin. Samples T1 and T2 show that EX76 alone grants MD crystal growth orientation (decreasing MD shrinkage compared to CT1 and CT2). When ZnSt and EX76 are used together, a much stronger MD orientation (very low MD shrinkage) is present. This is true for all the different mix ratios tested.
[000424] When EX76 and ZnSt are used together, a very high MD hardness and a decrease in TD hardness are observed, which is indicative of a very strong MD orientation. The MD hardness granted by all blends is higher than the MD hardness of EX76 alone at 1000 and 2000 ppm loads. These results are consistent with those seen with other HDPE resins. TABLE T3: 1% secant modulus, heat deflection temperature, and peak polymer recrystallization temperature (Tc) from CT1, CT2, and T1 to T5.

[000425] As can be seen from the data in Tabe at T3, EX76 increased the Tc of the resin. Mixtures other than EX76 with ZnSt did not improve Tc over that seen with EX76 alone.
[000426] The hardness measurement and HDT in flex bars confirm the synergy between EX76 and ZnSt. Blends that have ratios of 3:1, 2:1 and 1:1 gave much higher hardness and HDT values than the EX76 alone.
[000427] All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were mentioned in its entirety on here.
[000428] The use of the terms "a" and "an" and "the" and similar referents in the context of the subject description of this application (especially in the context of the following claims) shall be interpreted to encompass both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated here or clearly contradicted by context. The terms "comprising", "having", "including" and "containing" are to be interpreted as open terms (ie, meaning "including but not limited to") unless otherwise noted. The recitation of the ranges of values here is only intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value that falls within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated in the specification as if it were listed individually here. All methods described herein may be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (eg, "such as") provided herein, is intended only to further illuminate the subject of the application and does not represent a limitation on the scope of the subject unless otherwise claimed . No language in the specification should be interpreted as indicating any element not claimed to be essential to the practice of the subject described here.
[000429] Preferred embodiments of the subject matter of this application are described herein, including the best way known to the inventors to carry out the claimed subject matter. Variations of these preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect those skilled in the art to employ such variations where appropriate, and the inventors intend that the subject described herein will be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this description includes all modifications and equivalents of subject matter listed in the appended claims heretofore as permitted by applicable law. Furthermore, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is covered by the present description unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by the context.

权利要求:
Claims (17)
[0001]
1. Compound conforming to the structure of Formula (CX)
[0002]
2. Compound according to claim 1, characterized in that M1 is a lithium cation.
[0003]
3. Compound according to claim 1, characterized in that R111 is a cyclopentyl group.
[0004]
4. Compound according to claim 3, characterized in that x is 1, M1 is a lithium cation, y is 1, z is 1, and b is zero.
[0005]
5. A compound according to claim 1, characterized in that R111 is a moiety conforming to the structure of Formula (CXI).
[0006]
6. Compound according to claim 5, characterized in that R115 is hydrogen.
[0007]
7. Compound according to claim 5, characterized in that R115 is a methoxy group.
[0008]
8. Compound according to claim 7, characterized in that x is 1, M1 is a lithium cation, y is 1, z is 1, and b is zero.
[0009]
9. Compound according to claim 5, characterized in that R115 is a halogen.
[0010]
10. Compound according to claim 9, characterized in that R115 is chlorine.
[0011]
11. Compound according to claim 10, characterized in that R112 is hydrogen.
[0012]
12. Compound according to claim 11, characterized in that x is 1, M1 is a sodium cation, y is 1, z is 1, and b is zero.
[0013]
13. Composition, characterized in that it comprises a polyolefin polymer, and the compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 12.
[0014]
14. Additive composition, characterized in that it comprises the compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 12, and an acid sequestrant selected from the group consisting of synthetic hydrotalcite compounds and metal salts of C12-C22 fatty acids .
[0015]
15. Additive composition according to claim 14, characterized in that the acid sequestrant is selected from the group consisting of zinc, potassium, and lanthanum salts of stearic acid.
[0016]
16. Additive composition according to claim 14, characterized in that the nucleating agent and the acid sequestrant are present in the composition in a ratio of about 4:1 to about 1:4 based on the weight of the agent nucleation and acid sequestrant in the additive composition.
[0017]
17. Additive composition according to claim 15, characterized in that the nucleating agent and the acid sequestrant are present in the composition in a ratio of about 4:1 to about 1:4 based on the weight of the agent nucleation and acid sequestrant in the additive composition.

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法律状态:
2020-05-12| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|

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2021-06-29| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|

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2021-08-17| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 23/09/2014, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US201361881227P| true| 2013-09-23|2013-09-23|

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US61/881,227|2013-09-23|

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US14/492,554|US9193845B2|2013-09-23|2014-09-22|Thermoplastic polymer composition|

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US14/492,554|2014-09-22|

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PCT/US2014/056922|WO2015042563A1|2013-09-23|2014-09-23|Thermoplastic polymer composition|

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